§2.1#4Ἔχει δὲ καὶ ὁ ἐλέφας τὸ αἰδοῖον ὅμοιον μὲν ἵππῳ, μικρὸν δὲ καὶ οὐ κατὰ λόγον τοῦ σώματος, τοὺς δ’ ὄρχεις οὐκ ἔξω φανερούς, ἀλλ’ ἐντὸς περὶ τοὺς νεφρούς· διὸ καὶ ἐν τῇ ὀχείᾳ ἀπαλλάττεται ταχέως.
The elephant also has its genital organ similar to that of the horse, but small and out of proportion to its body, and its testicles are not visible externally, but internal near the kidneys; wherefore also in copulation it finishes quickly.
Ἡ δὲ θήλεια τὸ αἰδοῖον ἔχει ἐν ᾧ τόπῳ τὰ οὔθατα τῶν προβάτων ἐστίν.
And the female has her genital organ in the same place where the udders of sheep are.
ὅταν δ’ ὀργᾷ ὀχεύεσθαι, ἀνασπᾷ ἄνω καὶ ἐκτρέπει πρὸς τὸν ἔξω τόπον, ὥστε ῥᾳδίαν εἶναι τῷ ἄρρενι τὴν ὀχείαν· ἀνέρρωγε δὲ ἐπιεικῶς ἐπὶ πολὺ τὸ αἰδοῖον.
And when she is eager to copulate, she draws it upward and turns it toward the outside, so that copulation is easy for the male; and the genital organ is split open to a considerable extent.
Τοῖς μὲν οὖν πλείστοις αὐτῶν τὰ αἰδοῖα τοῦτον ἔχει τὸν τρόπον· ἔνια δ’ ὀπισθουρητικά ἐστιν, οἷον λὺγξ καὶ λέων καὶ κάμηλος καὶ δασύπους.
In most of them, then, the genital organs are in this manner; but some are backward-pissing, such as the lynx, the lion, the camel, and the hare.
Τὰ μὲν οὖν ἄρρενα ὑπεναντίως ἔχει ἀλλήλοις, καθάπερ εἴρηται, τὰ δὲ θήλεα πάντα ὀπισθουρητικά ἐστιν· καὶ γὰρ ὁ θῆλυς ἐλέφας ἔχει τὰ αἰδοῖα ὑπὸ τοῖς μηροῖς, καθάπερ καὶ τἆλλα.
The males, therefore, differ from one another, as has been said, but the females are all backward-pissing; for even the female elephant has her genital organ under the thighs, just as the others do.
Τῶν δ’ αἰδοίων διαφορὰ πολλή ἐστιν.
There is also much difference in the genital organs.
Τὰ μὲν γὰρ ἔχει χονδρῶδες τὸ αἰδοῖον καὶ σαρκῶδες, ὥσπερ ἄνθρωπος· τὸ μὲν οὖν σαρκῶδες οὐκ ἐμφυσᾶται, τὸ δὲ χονδρῶδες ἔχει αὔξησιν.
For some have a cartilaginous and fleshy genital organ, like man; now the fleshy part does not inflate, but the cartilaginous part undergoes increase.
Τὰ δὲ νευρώδη, οἷον καμήλου καὶ ἐλάφου, τὰ δ’ ὀστώδη, ὥσπερ ἀλώπεκος καὶ λύκου καὶ ἰκτίδος καὶ γαλῆς· καὶ γὰρ ἡ γαλῆ ὀστοῦν ἔχει τὸ αἰδοῖον.
Others are sinewy, such as those of the camel and the deer, and others are bony, like those of the fox, the wolf, the marten, and the weasel; for indeed the weasel has a bone in its genital organ.
Πρὸς δὲ τούτοις ὁ μὲν ἄνθρωπος τελεωθεὶς τὰ ἄνω ἔχει ἐλάττω τῶν κάτωθεν, τὰ δ’ ἄλλα ζῷα, ὅσα ἔναιμα, τοὐναντίον.
In addition to these, man when full-grown has his upper parts smaller than his lower parts, but the other animals, as many as are blooded, have the contrary.
Λέγομεν δὲ ἄνω τὸ ἀπὸ κεφαλῆς μέχρι τοῦ μορίου ᾗ ἡ τοῦ περιττώματός ἐστιν ἔξοδος, κάτω δὲ τὸ ἀπὸ τούτου λοιπόν.
And we call "upper" the part from the head to the member where the outlet of the waste matter is, and "lower" the remainder from this point.
Τοῖς μὲν οὖν ἔχουσι πόδας τὸ ὀπίσθιόν ἐστι σκέλος τὸ κάτωθεν μέρος πρὸς τὸ μέγεθος, τοῖς δὲ μὴ ἔχουσιν οὐραὶ καὶ κέρκοι καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα.
In those, then, that have feet, the hind leg is the lower part in proportion to size, but in those that do not have them, tails and tail-ends and suchlike.
Τελεούμενα μὲν οὖν τοιαῦτ’ ἐστίν, ἐν δὲ τῇ αὐξήσει διαφέρει· ὁ μὲν γὰρ ἄνθρωπος μείζω τὰ ἄνω ἔχει νέος ὢν ἢ τὰ κάτω, αὐξανόμενος δὲ μεταβάλλει τοὐναντίον (διὸ καὶ μόνον οὐ τὴν αὐτὴν ποιεῖται κίνησιν τῆς πορείας νέος ὢν καὶ τελεωθείς, ἀλλὰ τὸ πρῶτον παιδίον ὂν ἕρπει τετραποδίζον), τὰ δ’ ἀνάλογον ἀποδίδωσι τὴν αὔξησιν, οἷον κύων.
Full-grown, then, they are such, but they differ in growth; for man when young has his upper parts larger than his lower, but as he grows he changes to the contrary (wherefore also he is almost the only one that does not make the same motion of walking when young and when full-grown, but at first, being a child, he creeps on all fours), while others render their growth proportionally, such as the dog.
Ἔνια δὲ τὸ πρῶτον ἐλάττω τὰ ἄνω, τὰ δὲ κάτω μείζω ἔχει, αὐξανόμενα δὲ τὰ ἄνω γίνεται μείζω, ὥσπερ τὰ λοφοῦρα· τούτων γὰρ οὐδὲν γίνεται μεῖζον ὕστερον τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ὁπλῆς μέχρι τοῦ ἰσχίου.
And some at first have their upper parts smaller and their lower parts larger, but as they grow, the upper parts become larger, as with the bushy-tailed animals; for in these, the part from the hoof to the hip does not become any larger later on.
Ἔστι δὲ καὶ περὶ τοὺς ὀδόντας πολλὴ διαφορὰ τοῖς ἄλλοις ζῴοις καὶ πρὸς αὑτὰ καὶ πρὸς τὸν ἄνθρωπον.
There is also much difference regarding the teeth in other animals, both in relation to each other and to man.
Ἔχει μὲν γὰρ πάντα ὀδόντας ὅσα τετράποδα καὶ ἔναιμα καὶ ζῳοτόκα, ἀλλὰ πρῶτον τὰ μέν ἐστιν ἀμφώδοντα τὰ δ’ οὔ.
For all that are quadruped, blooded, and viviparous have teeth, but first, some have teeth in both jaws and others do not.
Ὅσα μὲν γάρ ἐστι κερατοφόρα, οὐκ ἀμφώδοντά ἐστιν· οὐ γὰρ ἔχει τοὺς προσθίους ὀδόντας ἐπὶ τῆς ἄνω σιαγόνος.
For as many as are horned do not have teeth in both jaws; for they do not have the front teeth on the upper jaw.
Ἔστι δ’ ἔναι οὐκ ἀμφώδοντα καὶ ἀκέρατα, οἷον κάμηλος.
But there are some that do not have teeth in both jaws and are hornless, such as the camel.
Καὶ τὰ μὲν χαυλιόδοντας ἔχει, ὥσπερ οἱ ἄρρενες ὕες, τὰ δ’ οὐκ ἔχει.
And some have tusks, like male pigs, while others do not.
Ἔτι δὲ τὰ μέν ἐστι καρχαρόδοντα αὐτῶν, οἷον λέων καὶ πάρδαλις καὶ κύων, τὰ δὲ ἀνεπάλλακτα, οἷον ἵππος καὶ βοῦς· καρχαρόδοντα γάρ ἐστιν ὅσα ἐπαλλάττει τοὺς ὀδόντας τοὺς ὀξεῖς.
Furthermore, some of them are saw-toothed, such as the lion, the leopard, and the dog, and others are non-overlapping, like the horse and the ox; for those are saw-toothed which have their sharp teeth overlapping.
Ἄμα δὲ χαυλιόδοντα καὶ κέρας οὐδὲν ἔχει ζῷον, οὐδὲ καρχαρόδουν καὶ τούτων θάτερον.
And no animal has both tusks and horns, nor both saw-teeth and either of these.
Τὰ δὲ πλεῖστα τοὺς προσθίους ἔχει ὀξεῖς, τοὺς δ’ ἐντὸς πλατεῖς.
Most of them have their front teeth sharp, and their inner ones flat.
Ἡ δὲ φώκη καρχαρόδουν ἐστὶ πᾶσι τοῖς ὀδοῦσιν, ὡς ἐπαλλάττουσα τῷ γένει τῶν ἰχθύων· οἱ γὰρ ἰχθύες πάντες σχεδὸν καρχαρόδοντές εἰσιν.
The seal is saw-toothed in all its teeth, as if linking with the class of fishes; for almost all fishes are saw-toothed.
Διστοίχους δὲ ὀδόντας οὐδὲν ἔχει τούτων τῶν γενῶν.
And none of these classes has teeth in double rows.
Ἔστι δέ τι, εἰ δεῖ πιστεῦσαι Κτησίᾳ· ἐκεῖνος γὰρ τὸ ἐν Ἰνδοῖς θηρίον, ᾧ ὄνομα εἶναι μαρτιχόραν, τοῦτ’ ἔχειν ἐπ’ ἀμφότερά φησι τριστοίχους τοὺς ὀδόντας· εἶναι δὲ μέγεθος μὲν ἡλίκον λέοντα καὶ δασὺ ὁμοίως, καὶ πόδας ἔχειν ὁμοίους, πρόσωπον δὲ καὶ ὦτα ἀνθρωποειδές, τὸ δ’ ὄμμα γλαυκόν, τὸ δὲ χρῶμα κινναβάρινον, τὴν δὲ κέρκον ὁμοίαν τῇ τοῦ σκορπίου τοῦ χερσαίου, ἐν ᾗ κέντρον ἔχειν καὶ τὰς ἀποφυάδας ἀπακοντίζειν, φθέγγεσθαι δ’ ὅμοιον φωνῇ ἅμα σύριγγος καὶ σάλπιγγος, ταχὺ δὲ θεῖν οὐχ ἧττον τῶν ἐλάφων, καὶ εἶναι ἄγριον καὶ ἀνθρωποφάγον.
But there is one, if Ctesias is to be believed; for he says that the beast in India, whose name is martichora, has teeth in triple rows in both jaws; and that it is of the size of a lion and similarly hairy, and has similar feet, but its face and ears are human-like, its eye blue-gray, its color cinnabar-red, and its tail like that of the land scorpion, in which it has a sting and discharges spines; and that it utters a sound similar to the voice of a syrinx and a salpinx combined, and runs no less swiftly than deer, and is wild and man-eating.
Ἄνθρωπος μὲν οὖν βάλλει τοὺς ὀδόντας, βάλλει δὲ καὶ ἄλλα τῶν ζῴων, οἷον ἵππος καὶ ὀρεὺς καὶ ὄνος.
Man, then, sheds his teeth, and other animals also shed them, such as the horse, the mule, and the ass.
Βάλλει δ’ ἄνθρωπος τοὺς προσθίους, τοὺς δὲ γομφίους οὐθὲν βάλλει τῶν ζῴων.
But man sheds the front teeth, whereas no animal sheds the molars.
Ὗς δ’ ὅλως οὐθένα βάλλει τῶν ὀδόντων.
And the pig does not shed any of its teeth at all.