§2.1#3Τῶν δὲ τετραπόδων καὶ ἐναίμων καὶ ζῳοτόκων τὰ μέν ἐστι πολυσχιδῆ, ὥσπερ αἱ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου χεῖρες καὶ οἱ πόδες (πολυδάκτυλα γὰρ ἔνιά ἐστιν, οἷον κύων, λέων, πάρδαλις), τὰ δὲ δισχιδῆ, καὶ ἀντὶ τῶν ὀνύχων χηλὰς ἔχει, ὥσ περ πρόβατον καὶ αἲξ καὶ ἔλαφος καὶ ἵππος ὁ ποτάμιος· τὰ δ’ ἀσχιδῆ, οἷον τὰ μώνυχα, ὥσπερ ἵππος καὶ ὀρεύς.
Among the quadrupeds that are blooded and viviparous, some are many-cleft, like the hands and feet of man (for some are many-toed, such as the dog, the lion, and the leopard), while others are cloven-toed, having hooves instead of claws, such as the sheep, the goat, the deer, and the river-horse; and others are uncleft, such as the solid-hoofed, like the horse and the mule.
Τὸ δὲ τῶν ὑῶν γένος ἐπαμφοτερίζει· εἰσὶ γὰρ καὶ ἐν Ἰλλυριοῖς καὶ ἐν Παιονίᾳ καὶ ἄλλοθι μώνυχες ὕες.
The race of pigs is intermediate; for there are solid-hoofed pigs in Illyria, in Paeonia, and elsewhere.
Τὰ μὲν οὖν διχαλὰ δύο ἔχει σχίσεις ὄπισθεν· τοῖς δὲ μώνυξι τοῦτ’ ἐστὶ συνεχές.
Thus, the cloven-hoofed have two clefts behind; but in the solid-hoofed, this part is continuous.
Ἔστι δὲ καὶ τὰ μὲν κερατοφόρα τῶν ζῴων τὰ δ’ ἄκερα.
And some of the animals are horned, while others are hornless.
Τὰ μὲν οὖν πλεῖστα τῶν ἐχόντων κέρατα διχαλὰ κατὰ φύσιν ἐστίν, οἷον βοῦς καὶ ἔλαφος καὶ αἴξ· μώνυχον δὲ καὶ δίκερων οὐθὲν ἡμῖν ὦπται.
Most of those that have horns are by nature cloven-hoofed, such as the ox, the deer, and the goat; but no animal has been observed by us that is both solid-hoofed and two-horned.
Μονοκέρατα δὲ καὶ μώνυχα ὀλίγα, οἷον ὁ Ἰνδικὸς ὄνος.
There are few that are single-horned and solid-hoofed, like the Indian ass.
Μονόκερων δὲ καὶ διχαλὸν ὄρυξ.
And the oryx is single-horned and cloven-hoofed.
Καὶ ἀστράγαλον δ’ ὁ Ἰνδικὸς ὄνος ἔχει τῶν μωνύχων μόνον· ἡ γὰρ ὗς, ὥσπερ ἐλέχθη πρότερον, ἐπαμφοτερίζει, διὸ καὶ οὐ καλλιαστράγαλόν ἐστιν.
Of the solid-hoofed animals, the Indian ass alone has an ankle-bone; for the pig, as was said before, is intermediate, and therefore does not have a well-formed ankle-bone.
Τῶν δὲ διχαλῶν πολλὰ ἔχει ἀστράγαλον.
Many of the cloven-hoofed animals have an ankle-bone.
Πολυσχιδὲς δὲ οὐθὲν ὦπται τοιοῦτον ἔχον ἀστράγαλον, ὥσπερ οὐδ’ ἄνθρωπος, ἀλλ’ ἡ μὲν λὺγξ ὅμοιον ἡμιαστραγαλίῳ, ὁ δὲ λέων, οἷόν περ πλάττουσι, λαβυρινθώδη.
But no many-cleft animal has been observed having such an ankle-bone, just as man does not have one, but the lynx has one similar to a half-ankle-bone, and the lion has one that is labyrinth-like, as people model them.
Πάντα δὲ τὰ ἔχοντα ἀστράγαλον ἐν τοῖς ὄπισθεν ἔχει σκέλεσιν.
All those that have an ankle-bone have it in their hind legs.
Ἔχει δ’ ὀρθὸν τὸν ἀστράγαλον ἐν τῇ καμπῇ, τὸ μὲν πρανὲς ἔξω, τὸ δ’ ὕπτιον εἴσω, καὶ τὰ μὲν κῷα ἐντὸς ἐστραμμένα πρὸς ἄλληλα, τὰ δὲ χῖα καλούμενα ἔξω, καὶ τὰς κεραίας ἄνω.
And they have the ankle-bone upright in the joint, with the convex side outward, the concave side inward, and the so-called Coan sides turned inward toward each other, the Chian sides turned outward, and the projections upward.
Ἡ μὲν οὖν θέσις τῶν ἀστραγάλων τοῖς ἔχουσι πᾶσι τοῦτον ἔχει τὸν τρόπον.
The position of the ankle-bones in all those that have them is in this manner.
Διχαλὰ δ’ ἅμα καὶ χαίτην ἔχοντα καὶ κέρατα δύο κεκαμμένα εἰς αὑτά ἐστιν ἔνια τῶν ζῴων, οἷον ὁ βόνασος, ὃς γίνεται περὶ τὴν Παιονίαν καὶ τὴν Μαιδικήν.
Some animals are both cloven-hoofed and have a mane, and two horns bent toward themselves, such as the bonasus, which is produced around Paeonia and Maedica.
Πάντα δὲ ὅσα κερατοφόρα, τετράποδά ἐστιν, εἰ μή τι κατὰ μεταφορὰν λέγεται ἔχειν κέρας καὶ λόγου χάριν, ὥσπερ τοὺς περὶ Θήβας ὄφεις οἱ Αἰγύπτιοί φασιν, ἔχοντας ἐπανάστασιν ὅσον προφάσεως χάριν.
All those that are horned are quadrupeds, unless something is said to have a horn metaphorically and for the sake of speech, as the Egyptians say of the snakes around Thebes, which have a projection merely for the sake of a pretext.
Τῶν δ’ ἐχόντων κέρας δι’ ὅλου μὲν ἔχει στερεὸν μόνον ἔλαφος, τὰ δ’ ἄλλα κοῖλα μέχρι τινός, τὸ δ’ ἔσχατον στερεόν.
Of those that have horns, the deer alone has them solid throughout, while the others are hollow to a certain point, with the extremity solid.
Τὸ μὲν οὖν κοῖλον ἐκ τοῦ δέρματος πέφυκε μᾶλλον· περὶ δὲ τοῦτο περιήρμοσται τὸ στερεὸν ἐκ τῶν ὀστῶν, οἷον τὰ κέρατα τῶν βοῶν.
The hollow part arises rather from the skin; and around this, the solid part from the bones is fitted, as in the horns of oxen.
Ἀποβάλλει δὲ τὰ κέρατα μόνον ἔλαφος κατ’ ἔτος, ἀρξάμενος ἀπὸ διετοῦς, καὶ πάλιν φύει· τὰ δ’ ἄλλα συνεχῶς ἔχει, ἐὰν μή τι βίᾳ πηρωθῇ.
And the deer alone sheds its horns every year, beginning from its second year, and grows them again; while the others have them continuously, unless they are mutilated by force.
Ἔτι δὲ περί τε τοὺς μαστοὺς ὑπεναντίως ἐν τοῖς ἄλλοις ζῴοις ὑπάρχει πρὸς αὐτά τε καὶ πρὸς τὸν ἄνθρωπον, καὶ περὶ τὰ ὄργανα τὰ χρήσιμα πρὸς τὴν ὀχείαν.
Furthermore, regarding the breasts, it is the opposite in other animals both in relation to each other and to man, and also regarding the organs useful for copulation.
Τὰ μὲν γὰρ ἔμπροσθεν ἔχει τοὺς μαστοὺς ἐν τῷ στήθει ἢ πρὸς τῷ στήθει, καὶ δύο μαστοὺς καὶ δύο θηλάς, ὥσπερ ἄνθρωπος καὶ ἐλέφας, καθάπερ εἴρηται πρότερον.
For some have their breasts in front, on or near the chest, with two breasts and two teats, like man and the elephant, as has been said before.
Καὶ γὰρ ὁ ἐλέφας ἔχει τοὺς μαστοὺς δύο περὶ τὰς μασχάλας· ἔχει δὲ καὶ ἡ θήλεια τοὺς μαστοὺς μικροὺς παντελῶς καὶ οὐ κατὰ λόγον τοῦ σώματος, ὥστ’ ἐκ τοῦ πλαγίου μὴ πάνυ ὁρᾶν· ἔχουσι δὲ καὶ οἱ ἄρρενες μαστούς, ὥσπερ αἱ θήλειαι, μικροὺς παντελῶς.
For the elephant has its two breasts near the armpits; and the female has breasts that are completely small and out of proportion to its body, so that they are not easily seen from the side; and the males also have breasts, like the females, completely small.
Ἡ δ’ ἄρκτος τέτταρας.
The bear has four.
Τὰ δὲ δύο μὲν μαστοὺς ἔχει, ἐν τοῖς μηροῖς δ’ ἔχει, καὶ τὰς θηλὰς δύο, ὥσπερ πρόβατον· τὰ δὲ τέτταρας θηλάς, ὥσπερ βοῦς.
Others have two breasts, but in the thighs, and two teats, like the sheep; while others have four teats, like the ox.
Τὰ δ’ οὔτ’ ἐν τῷ στήθει ἔχει τοὺς μαστοὺς οὔτ’ ἐν τοῖς μηροῖς, ἀλλ’ ἐν τῇ γαστρί, οἷον κύων καὶ ὗς, καὶ πολλούς, οὐ πάντας δ’ ἴσους.
Others have their breasts neither on the chest nor in the thighs, but on the belly, like the dog and the pig, and many of them, though not all equal.
Τὰ μὲν οὖν ἄλλα πλείους ἔχει, ἡ δὲ πάρδαλις τέτταρας ἐν τῇ γαστρί, ἡ δὲ λέαινα δύο ἐν τῇ γαστρί.
Other animals have more, but the leopard has four on the belly, and the lioness has two on the belly.
Ἔχει δὲ καὶ ἡ κάμηλος μαστοὺς δύο καὶ θηλὰς τέτταρας, ὥσπερ ὁ βοῦς.
The camel also has two breasts and four teats, like the ox.
Τῶν δὲ μωνύχων τὰ ἄρρενα οὐκ ἔχουσι μαστούς, πλὴν ὅσα ἐοίκασι τῇ μητρί, ὅπερ συμβαίνει ἐπὶ τῶν ἵππων.
Of the solid-hoofed animals, the males do not have breasts, except those that resemble their mother, which happens in the case of horses.
Τὰ δ’ αἰδοῖα τῶν μὲν ἀρρένων τὰ μὲν ἔξω ἔχει, οἷον ἄνθρωπος καὶ ἵππος καὶ ἄλλα πολλά, τὰ δ’ ἐντός, ὥσπερ δελφίς· καὶ τῶν ἔξω δ’ ἐχόντων τὰ μὲν εἰς τὸ πρόσθεν, ὥσπερ καὶ τὰ εἰρημένα, καὶ τούτων τὰ μὲν ἀπολελυμένα καὶ τὸ αἰδοῖον καὶ τοὺς ὄρχεις, ὥσπερ ἄνθρωπος, τὰ δὲ πρὸς τῇ γαστρὶ καὶ τοὺς ὄρχεις καὶ τὸ αἰδοῖον, καὶ τὰ μὲν μᾶλλον τὰ δ’ ἧττον ἀπολελυμένα· οὐ γὰρ ὡσαύτως ἀπολέλυται κάπρῳ καὶ ἵππῳ τοῦτο τὸ μόριον.
And the genital organs of the males, some have them external, like man, the horse, and many others, while others have them internal, like the dolphin; and of those that have them external, some have them toward the front, like the aforementioned animals, and of these, some have both the genital organ and the testicles free, like man, while others have both the testicles and the genital organ close to the belly, some being more and some less free; for this part is not free in the same way in the wild boar and the horse.