§2.2Περὶ δὲ τῶν κυνῶν ἀμφισβητεῖται, καὶ οἱ μὲν ὅλως οὐκ οἴονται βάλλειν οὐθένα αὐτούς, οἱ δὲ τοὺς κυνόδοντας μόνον·
Regarding dogs, there is a dispute, and some do not think they shed any teeth at all, while others think they shed only the canines.
ὦπται δ’ ὅτι βάλλει καθάπερ καὶ ἄνθρωπος, ἀλλὰ λανθάνει διὰ τὸ μὴ βάλλειν πρότερον πρὶν ὑποφυῶσιν ἐντὸς ἴσοι.
But it has been observed that they shed them just as man does, but it escapes notice because they do not shed them before the inner ones grow up underneath to an equal size.
Ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων τῶν ἀγρίων εἰκὸς συμβαίνειν, ἐπεὶ λέγονταί γε τοὺς κυνόδοντας μόνον βάλλειν.
And it is likely that the same thing happens in the case of the other wild animals, since they are said to shed only their canines.
Τοὺς δὲ κύνας διαγινώσκουσι τοὺς νεωτέρους καὶ πρεσβυτέρους ἐκ τῶν ὀδόντων· οἱ μὲν γὰρ νέοι λευκοὺς ἔχουσι καὶ ὀξεῖς τοὺς ὀδόντας, οἱ δὲ πρεσβύτεροι μέλανας καὶ ἀμβλεῖς.
People distinguish younger and older dogs from their teeth; for the young have white and sharp teeth, while the older have black and blunt ones.
§2.3Ἐναντίως δὲ πρὸς τἆλλα ζῷα καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἵππων συμβαίνει· τὰ μὲν γὰρ ἄλλα ζῷα πρεσβύτερα γινόμενα μελαντέρους ἔχει τοὺς ὀδόντας, ὁ δ’ ἵππος λευκοτέρους.
Contrary to the other animals, the opposite happens in the case of horses; for while the other animals have darker teeth as they grow older, the horse has whiter ones.
Ὁρίζουσι δὲ τούς τε ὀξεῖς καὶ τοὺς πλατεῖς οἱ καλούμενοι κυνόδοντες, ἀμφοτέρων μετέχοντες τῆς μορφῆς· κάτωθεν μὲν γὰρ πλατεῖς, ἄνωθεν δ’ εἰσὶν ὀξεῖς.
And the so-called canines define the boundary between the sharp and the flat teeth, sharing the form of both; for they are flat below, but sharp above.
Ἔχουσι δὲ πλείους οἱ ἄρρενες τῶν θηλειῶν ὀδόντας καὶ ἐν ἀνθρώποις καὶ ἐπὶ προβάτων καὶ αἰγῶν καὶ ὑῶν· ἐπὶ δὲ τῶν ἄλλων οὐ τεθεώρηταί πω.
And males have more teeth than females, both in humans and in sheep, goats, and pigs; in the case of the other animals, it has not yet been observed.
Ὅσοι δὲ πλείους ἔχουσι, μακροβιώτεροι ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολύ εἰσιν, οἱ δ’ ἐλάττους καὶ ἀραιόδοντες ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ βραχυβιώτεροι.
And those that have more teeth are for the most part longer-lived, while those that have fewer and have sparse teeth are for the most part shorter-lived.
§2.4Φύονται δ’ οἱ τελευταῖοι τοῖς ἀνθρώποις γόμφιοι, οὓς καλοῦσι κραντῆρας, περὶ τὰ εἴκοσιν ἔτη καὶ ἀνδράσι καὶ γυναιξίν.
And the last molars, which they call wisdom teeth, grow in humans at about twenty years of age, in both men and women.
Ἤδη δέ τισι γυναιξὶ καὶ ὀγδοήκοντα ἐτῶν οὔσαις ἔφυσαν γόμφιοι ἐν τοῖς ἐσχάτοις, πόνον παρασχόντες ἐν τῇ ἀνατολῇ, καὶ ἀνδράσιν ὡσαύτως· τοῦτο δὲ συμβαίνει ὅσοις ἂν μὴ ἐν τῇ ἡλικίᾳ ἀνατείλωσιν οἱ κραντῆρες.
Indeed, in some women even when they were eighty years old, molars have grown in the extremest parts, causing pain in their eruption, and likewise in men; and this happens to as many as have not had their wisdom teeth erupt in their youth.
§2.5Ὁ δ’ ἐλέφας ὀδόντας μὲν ἔχει τέτταρας ἐφ’ ἑκάτερα, οἷς κατεργάζεται τὴν τροφήν (λεαίνει δ’ ὥσπερ κριμνά), χωρὶς δὲ τούτων ἄλλους δύο τοὺς μεγάλους.
The elephant has four teeth on each side, with which it processes its food (and it grinds it like coarse meal), and apart from these, two other large ones.
Ὁ μὲν οὖν ἄρρην τούτους ἔχει μεγάλους τε καὶ ἀνασίμους, ἡ δὲ θήλεια μικροὺς καὶ ἐξ ἐναντίας τοῖς ἄρρεσιν· κάτω γὰρ οἱ ὀδόντες βλέπουσιν.
Now the male has these large and upturned, but the female small and in the opposite direction to the males; for her teeth look downward.
Ἔχει δ’ ὁ ἐλέφας εὐθὺς γενόμενος ὀδόντας, τοὺς μέντοι μεγάλους ἀδήλους τὸ πρῶτον.
And the elephant has teeth immediately upon being born, although the large ones are unnoticeable at first.
§2.6Γλῶτταν δὲ ἔχει μικράν τε σφόδρα καὶ ἐντός, ὥστε ἔργον εἶναι ἰδεῖν.
And it has a very small tongue, and far inside, so that it is a difficult task to see it.
§2.7Ἔχουσι δὲ τὰ ζῷα καὶ τὰ μεγέθη διαφέροντα τοῦ στόματος.
Animals also have different sizes of the mouth.
Τῶν μὲν γάρ ἐστι τὰ στόματα ἀνερρωγότα, ὥσπερ κυνὸς καὶ λέοντος καὶ πάντων τῶν καρχαροδόντων, τὰ δὲ μικρόστομα, ὥσπερ ἄνθρωπος, τὰ δὲ μεταξύ, ὥσπερ τὸ τῶν ὑῶν γένος.
For some have widely split mouths, such as the dog, the lion, and all saw-toothed animals, while others have small mouths, like man, and others are in between, like the genus of pigs.
Ὁ δ’ ἵππος ὁ ποτάμιος ὁ ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ χαίτην μὲν ἔχει ὥσπερ ἵππος, διχαλὸν δ’ ἐστὶν ὥσπερ βοῦς, τὴν δ’ ὄψιν σιμός.
The river-horse (hippopotamus) in Egypt has a mane like a horse, is cloven-hoofed like an ox, and is flat-nosed in appearance.
Ἔχει δὲ καὶ ἀστράγαλον ὥσπερ τὰ διχαλά, καὶ χαυλιόδοντας ὑποφαινομένους, κέρκον δ’ ὑός, φωνὴν δ’ ἵππου· μέγεθος δ’ ἐστὶν ἡλίκον ὄνος.
It also has an anklebone like cloven-hoofed animals, tusks slightly visible, the tail of a pig, and the voice of a horse; and in size it is as large as an ass.
Τοῦ δὲ δέρματος τὸ πάχος ὥστε δόρατα ποιεῖσθαι ἐξ αὐτοῦ.
The thickness of its hide is such that spears are made from it.
Τὰ δ’ ἐντὸς ἔχει ὅμοια ἵππῳ καὶ ὄνῳ.
Its internal organs are similar to those of the horse and the ass.