§2.1#2Αἱ δὲ κινήσεις τῶν ζῴων τῶν μὲν τετραπόδων καὶ πολυπόδων κατὰ διάμετρόν εἰσι, καὶ ἑστᾶσιν οὕτως· ἡ δ’ ἀρχὴ ἀπὸ τῶν δεξιῶν πᾶσιν.
On the other hand, the movements of animals, of quadrupeds and multipeds, are diagonal, and they stand in this way; and the starting point is from the right for all.
Κατὰ σκέλος δὲ βαδίζουσιν ὅ τε λέων καὶ αἱ κάμηλοι ἀμφότεραι, αἵ τε Βακτριαναὶ καὶ αἱ Ἀράβιαι.
But the lion and both kinds of camels, both the Bactrian and the Arabian, walk on the same side.
Τὸ δὲ κατὰ σκέλος ἐστὶν ὅτε οὐ προβαίνει τῷ ἀριστερῷ τὸ δεξιόν, ἀλλ’ ἐπακολουθεῖ.
Walking on the same side is when the right does not step ahead of the left, but follows it.
Ἔχουσι δὲ τὰ τετράποδα ζῷα, ὅσα μὲν ὁ ἄνθρωπος μόρια ἔχει ἐν τῷ πρόσθεν, κάτω ἐν τοῖς ὑπτίοις, τὰ δὲ ὀπίσθια ἐν τοῖς πρανέσιν.
And quadrupeds have those parts which man has in front, below in their underparts, and their back parts in their upperparts.
Ἔτι δὲ τὰ πλεῖστα κέρκον ἔχει· καὶ γὰρ ἡ φώκη μικρὰν ἔχει, ὁμοίαν τῇ τοῦ ἐλάφου.
Further, most of them have a tail; for even the seal has a small one, similar to that of the deer.
Περὶ δὲ τῶν πιθηκοειδῶν ζῴων ὕστερον διορισθήσεται.
Regarding ape-like animals, they will be defined later.
Πάντα δ’ ὅσα τετράποδα καὶ ζῳοτόκα, δασέα ὡς εἰπεῖν ἐστί, καὶ οὐχ ὥσπερ ὁ ἄνθρωπος ὀλιγότριχον καὶ μικρότριχον πλὴν τῆς κεφαλῆς, τὴν δὲ κεφαλὴν δασύτατον τῶν ζῴων.
And all quadrupeds that are viviparous are, so to speak, hairy, and not like man, who has little hair and short hair except on his head, but his head is the hairiest of all animals.
Ἔτι δὲ τῶν μὲν ἄλλων ζῴων τῶν ἐχόντων τρίχας τὰ πρανῆ δασύτερα, τὰ δ’ ὕπτια ἢ λεῖα πάμπαν ἢ ἧττον δασέα· ὁ δ’ ἄνθρωπος τοὐναντίον.
Furthermore, in other animals that have hair, the upperparts are hairier, while the underparts are either entirely smooth or less hairy; but man is the opposite.
Καὶ βλεφαρίδας ὁ μὲν ἄνθρωπος ἐπ’ ἄμφω ἔχει, καὶ ἐν μασχάλαις ἔχει τρίχας καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς ἥβης· τῶν δ’ ἄλλων οὐθὲν οὔτε τούτων οὐδέτερον οὔτε τὴν κάτω βλεφαρίδα, ἀλλὰ κάτωθεν τοῦ βλεφάρου ἐνίοις μαναὶ τρίχες πεφύκασιν.
And man has eyelashes on both eyelids, and has hair in the armpits and on the pubes; but no other animal has either of these, nor the lower eyelash, but in some, sparse hairs grow below the eyelid.
Αὐτῶν δὲ τῶν τετραπόδων καὶ τρίχας ἐχόντων τῶν μὲν ἅπαν τὸ σῶμα δασύ, καθάπερ ὑὸς καὶ ἄρκτου καὶ κυνός· τὰ δὲ δασύτερα τὸν αὐχένα ὁμοίως πάντῃ, οἷον ὅσα χαίτην ἔχει, ὥσπερ λέων· τὰ δ’ ἐπὶ τῷ πρανεῖ τοῦ αὐχένος ἀπὸ τῆς κεφαλῆς μέχρι τῆς ἀκρωμίας, οἷον ὅσα λοφιὰν ἔχει, ὥσπερ ἵππος καὶ ὀρεὺς καὶ τῶν ἀγρίων καὶ κερατοφόρων βόνασος.
Among the quadrupeds themselves that have hair, some have the whole body hairy, like the pig, the bear, and the dog; others are hairier all around the neck, such as those that have a mane, like the lion; others are hairy on the upperpart of the neck from the head to the shoulder-point, such as those that have a ridge of hair, like the horse, the mule, and among wild and horned animals, the bonasus.
Ἔχει δὲ καὶ ὁ ἱππέλαφος καλούμενος ἐπὶ τῇ ἀκρωμίᾳ χαίτην καὶ τὸ θηρίον τὸ πάρδιον ὀνομαζόμενον· ἀπὸ δὲ τῆς κεφαλῆς ἐπὶ τὴν ἀκρωμίαν λεπτὴν ἑκάτερον· ἰδίᾳ δὲ ὁ ἱππέλαφος πώγωνα ἔχει κατὰ τὸν λάρυγγα.
The animal called hippelaphus also has a mane on its shoulder-point, as does the beast named pard; but from the head to the shoulder-point the mane is thin in both; and specifically, the hippelaphus has a beard near the larynx.
Ἔστι δ’ ἀμφότερα κερατοφόρα καὶ διχαλά· ἡ δὲ θήλεια ἱππέλαφος οὐκ ἔχει κέρατα.
Both are horned and cloven-hoofed; but the female hippelaphus has no horns.
Τὸ δὲ μέγεθός ἐστι τούτου τοῦ ζῴου ἐλάφῳ προσεμφερές.
The size of this animal is close to that of a deer.
Γίνονται δ’ οἱ ἱππέλαφοι ἐν Ἀραχώταις, οὗπερ καὶ οἱ βόες οἱ ἄγριοι.
Hippelaphuses are produced among the Arachosians, where the wild cattle also are.
Διαφέρουσι δ’ οἱ ἄγριοι τῶν ἡμέρων ὅσον περ οἱ ὕες οἱ ἄγριοι πρὸς τοὺς ἡμέρους· μέλανές τε γάρ εἰσι καὶ ἰσχυροὶ τῷ εἴδει καὶ ἐπίγρυποι, τὰ δὲ κέρατα ἐξυπτιάζοντα ἔχουσι μᾶλλον· τὰ δὲ τῶν ἱππελάφων κέρατα παραπλήσια τοῖς τῆς δορκάδος ἐστίν.
And the wild cattle differ from the tame ones as much as wild pigs do from tame ones; for they are black and robust in appearance and hook-nosed, and they have their horns more bent backward; while the horns of hippelaphuses are very similar to those of the gazelle.
Ὁ δ’ ἐλέφας ἥκιστα δασύς ἐστι τῶν τετραπόδων.
The elephant is the least hairy of the quadrupeds.
Ἀκολουθοῦσι δὲ κατὰ τὸ σῶμα καὶ αἱ κέρκοι δασύτητι καὶ ψιλότητι, ὅσων αἱ κέρκοι μέγεθος ἔχουσιν· ἔνια γὰρ μικρὰν ἔχει πάμπαν.
And the tails also follow the body in hairiness and hairlessness, in those which have tails of significant size; for some have a very small one.
Αἱ δὲ κάμηλοι ἴδιον ἔχουσι παρὰ τἆλλα τετράποδα τὸν καλούμενον ὕβον ἐπὶ τῷ νώτῳ.
And camels have, as a peculiarity compared to other quadrupeds, the so-called hump on their back.
Διαφέρουσι δ’ αἱ Βάκτριαι τῶν Ἀραβίων· αἱ μὲν γὰρ δύο ἔχουσιν ὕβους, αἱ δ’ ἕνα μόνον, ἄλλον δ’ ἔχουσιν ὕβον τοιοῦτον οἷον ἄνω ἐν τοῖς κάτω, ἐφ’ οὗ, ὅταν κατακλιθῇ εἰς γόνατα, ἐστήρικται τὸ ἄλλο σῶμα.
The Bactrian camels differ from the Arabian ones; for the former have two humps, while the latter have only one, but they have another hump of such a kind as the one above on the lower parts, upon which, when it kneels on its knees, the rest of the body is supported.
Θηλὰς δ’ ἔχει τέτταρας ἡ κάμηλος ὥσπερ βοῦς, καὶ κέρκον ὁμοίαν ὄνῳ, καὶ τὸ αἰδοῖον ὄπισθεν.
The camel has four teats like a cow, and a tail similar to an ass's, and its genital organ is behind.
Καὶ γόνυ δ’ ἔχει ἐν ἑκάστῳ τῷ σκέλει ἕν, καὶ τὰς καμπὰς οὐ πλείους, ὥσπερ λέγουσί τινες, ἀλλὰ φαίνεται διὰ τὴν ὑπόστασιν τῆς κοιλίας.
And it has one knee in each leg, and not more joints, as some say, but it appears so because of the low position of the belly.
Καὶ ἀστράγαλον ὅμοιον μὲν βοΐ, ἰσχνὸν δὲ καὶ μικρὸν ὡς κατὰ τὸ μέγεθος.
And it has an ankle-bone similar to a cow's, but slender and small in proportion to its size.
Ἔστι δὲ διχαλὸν καὶ οὐκ ἄμφωδον, διχαλὸν δὲ ὧδε.
It is cloven-hoofed and not having teeth in both jaws, and it is cloven-hoofed in this way.
Ἐκ μὲν τοῦ ὄπισθεν μικρὸν ἔσχισται μέχρι τῆς δευτέρας καμπῆς τῶν δακτύλων· τὸ δ’ ἔμπροσθεν ἔσχισται μικρά, ὅσον ἄχρι τῆς πρώτης καμπῆς τῶν δακτύλων ἐπ’ ἄκρῳ τέτταρα· καὶ ἔστι τι καὶ διὰ μέσου τῶν σχισμάτων, ὥσπερ τοῖς χησίν.
From the back, it is split a little as far as the second joint of the toes; and the front is split a little, as far as the first joint of the toes, four at the tip; and there is something also in the middle of the splits, as in geese.
Ὁ δὲ πούς ἐστι κάτωθεν σαρκώδης, ὥσπερ καὶ οἱ ἄρκτων· διὸ καὶ τὰς εἰς πόλεμον ἰούσας ὑποδοῦσι καρβατίναις, ὅταν ἀλγήσωσιν.
The foot is fleshy underneath, like those of bears; wherefore they shoe those going to war with raw-hide shoes when they are sore.
Πάντα δὲ τὰ τετράποδα ὀστώδη τὰ σκέλη ἔχει καὶ νευρώδη καὶ ἄσαρκα· ὅλως δὲ καὶ τἆλλα ζῷα ἅπαντα, ὅσα ἔχει πόδας, ἐκτὸς ἀνθρώπου.
All quadrupeds have their legs bony, sinewy, and fleshless; and in general, all other animals that have feet, except man.
Ἔστι δὲ καὶ ἀνίσχια· καὶ γὰρ οἱ ὄρνιθες ἔτι μᾶλλον τοῦτο πεπόνθασιν.
And they are without hips; for birds have experienced this even more.
Ὁ δ’ ἄνθρωπος τοὐναντίον· σαρκώδη γὰρ ἔχει σχεδὸν μάλιστα τοῦ σώματος τὰ ἰσχία καὶ τοὺς μηροὺς καὶ τὰς κνήμας· αἱ γὰρ καλούμεναι γαστροκνημίαι ἐν ταῖς κνήμαις εἰσὶ σαρκώδεις.
Man, however, is the opposite; for he has the hips, thighs, and shins almost the fleshiest parts of his body; for the so-called calves in the shins are fleshy.