§2.1#1## Β.
Τῶν δ’ ἄλλων ζῴων τὰ μόρια τὰ μὲν κοινὰ πάντων ἐστίν, ὥσπερ εἴρηται πρότερον, τὰ δὲ γενῶν τινῶν.
Book 2 Of the other animals, some parts are common to all, as was said before, and others belong to certain genera.
Ταὐτὰ δὲ καὶ ἕτερά ἐστιν ἀλλήλων τὸν ἤδη πολλάκις εἰρημένον τρόπον.
And they are the same as and different from one another in the manner already frequently mentioned.
Σχεδὸν γὰρ ὅσα γ’ ἐστὶ γένει ἕτερα τῶν ζῴων, καὶ τὰ πλεῖστα τῶν μερῶν ἔχει ἕτερα τῷ εἴδει, καὶ τὰ μὲν κατ’ ἀναλογίαν ἀδιάφορα μόνον, τῷ γένει δ’ ἕτερα, τὰ δὲ τῷ γένει μὲν ταὐτὰ τῷ εἴδει δ’ ἕτερα· πολλὰ δὲ τοῖς μὲν ὑπάρχει, τοῖς δ’ οὐχ ὑπάρχει.
For almost as many animals as are different in genus also have most of their parts different in species; and some are indistinguishable only by analogy, being different in genus, while others are the same in genus but different in species; and many parts belong to some but do not belong to others.
Τὰ μὲν οὖν τετράποδα καὶ ζῳοτόκα κεφαλὴν μὲν ἔχει καὶ αὐχένα καὶ τὰ ἐν τῇ κεφαλῇ μόρια ἅπαντα, διαφέρει δὲ τὰς μορφὰς τῶν μορίων ἕκαστον.
Now, quadrupeds and viviparous animals have a head and a neck and all the parts in the head, but each of these parts differs in form.
Καὶ ὅ γε λέων τὸ τοῦ αὐχένος ἔχει ἓν ὀστοῦν, σφονδύλους δ’ οὐκ ἔχει· τὰ δὲ ἐντὸς ἀνοιχθεὶς ὅμοια πάντ’ ἔχει κυνί.
And the lion, at least, has only one bone in its neck, and has no vertebrae; but when opened, its internal parts are all similar to those of a dog.
Ἔχει δὲ τὰ τετράποδα ζῷα καὶ ζῳοτόκα ἀντὶ τῶν βραχιόνων σκέλη πρόσθια, πάντα μὲν τὰ τετράποδα, μάλιστα δὲ ἀνάλογον ταῖς χερσὶ τὰ πολυσχιδῆ αὐτῶν· χρῆται γὰρ πρὸς πολλὰ ὡς χερσίν.
And viviparous quadrupeds have forelegs instead of arms—indeed, all quadrupeds do—but especially those with many clefts have limbs analogous to hands; for they use them for many purposes as hands.
Καὶ τὰ ἀριστερὰ δ’ ἧττον ἔχει ἀπολελυμένα τῶν ἀνθρώπων, πλὴν ἐλέφαντος· οὗτος δὲ τά τε περὶ τοὺς δακτύλους ἀδιαρθρωτότερα ἔχει τῶν ποδῶν, καὶ τὰ πρόσθια σκέλη πολλῷ μείζω.
And they have their left limbs less free than humans do, except the elephant; this animal has the parts around the toes of its feet less articulated, and its forelegs are much larger.
Ἔστι δὲ πενταδάκτυλον, καὶ πρὸς τοῖς ὀπισθίοις σκέλεσι σφυρὰ ἔχει βραχέα.
It has five toes, and has short ankles on its hind legs.
Ἔχει δὲ μυκτῆρα τοιοῦτον καὶ τηλικοῦτον ὥστε ἀντὶ χειρῶν ἔχειν αὐτόν· πίνει γὰρ καὶ ἐσθίει ὀρέγων τούτῳ εἰς τὸ στόμα, καὶ τῷ ἐλεφαντιστῇ ἀνορέγει ἄνω.
It has a snout of such a character and size that it serves as hands; for it drinks and eats by extending this to its mouth, and offers food upward to its keeper.
Τούτῳ καὶ δένδρα ἀνασπᾷ, καὶ διὰ τοῦ ὕδατος βαδίζων τούτῳ ἀναφυσᾷ.
With this it also tears up trees, and when walking through water it breathes through it.
Τῷ δ’ ἄκρῳ ἐγκλίνει, οὐ κάμπτεται δέ· χονδρῶδες γὰρ ἔχει.
At the tip it bends, but is not bent; for it is cartilaginous.
Μόνον δὲ καὶ ἀμφιδέξιον γίνεται τῶν ἄλλων ζῴων ἄνθρωπος.
Man alone of all other animals becomes ambidextrous.
Τῷ δὲ στήθει τῷ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου πάντα τὰ ζῷα ἀνάλογον ἔχει τοῦτο τὸ μόριον, ἀλλ’ οὐχ ὅμοιον· ὁ μὲν γὰρ πλατὺ τὸ στῆθος, τὰ δ’ ἄλλα στενόν.
All animals have this part analogous to the chest of man, but not similar to it; for man has a broad chest, but other animals have a narrow one.
Μαστοὺς δ’ οὐκ ἔχει οὐθὲν ἐν τῷ πρόσθεν ἀλλ’ ἢ ἄνθρωπος· ὁ δ’ ἐλέφας ἔχει μὲν μαστοὺς δύο, ἀλλ’ οὐκ ἐν τῷ στήθει ἀλλὰ πρὸς τῷ στήθει.
And nothing has breasts on the front part except man; the elephant has indeed two breasts, but not on the chest but near the chest.
Τὰς δὲ κάμψεις τῶν κώλων καὶ τῶν ἔμπροσθεν καὶ τῶν ὄπισθεν ὑπεναντίας ἔχουσι καὶ ἑαυταῖς καὶ ταῖς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου καμπαῖς, πλὴν ἐλέφαντος.
They have the flexions of their limbs, both fore and hind, contrary both to themselves and to the flexions of man, except the elephant.
Τοῖς μὲν γὰρ ζῳοτόκοις τῶν τετραπόδων κάμπτεται τὰ μὲν πρόσθια εἰς τὸ πρόσθεν τὰ δ’ ὀπίσθια εἰς τοὔπισθεν, καὶ ἔχουσι τὰ κοῖλα τῆς περιφερείας πρὸς ἄλληλα ἀντεστραμμένα· ὁ δ’ ἐλέφας οὐχ ὡς ἔλεγόν τινες, ἀλλὰ συγκαθίζει καὶ κάμπτει τὰ σκέλη, πλὴν οὐ δύναται διὰ τὸ βάρος ἐπ’ ἀμφότερα ἅμα, ἀλλ’ ἀνακλίνεται ἢ ἐπὶ τὰ εὐώνυμα ἢ ἐπὶ τὰ δεξιά, καὶ καθεύδει ἐν τούτῳ τῷ σχήματι, κάμπτει δὲ τὰ ὀπίσθια σκέλη ὥσπερ ἄνθρωπος.
For in viviparous quadrupeds, the forelimbs bend forward and the hind limbs backward, and they have the hollows of their curves turned in opposite directions to each other; but the elephant is not as some used to say, but kneels down and bends its legs, though it cannot do so on both sides at once because of its weight, but leans either to the left or to the right, and sleeps in this posture; and it bends its hind legs just like a man.
Τοῖς ᾠοτόκοις δέ, οἷον κροκοδείλῳ καὶ σαύρᾳ καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις τοῖς τοιούτοις ἅπασιν, ἀμφότερα τὰ σκέλη καὶ τὰ πρόσθια καὶ τὰ ὀπίσθια εἰς τὸ πρόσθεν κάμπτεται, μικρὸν εἰς τὸ πλάγιον παρεγκλίνοντα.
In oviparous animals, however, such as the crocodile, the lizard, and all other such creatures, both limbs, both fore and hind, bend forward, inclining slightly to the side.
Ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις τοῖς πολύποσιν· πλὴν τὰ μεταξὺ τῶν ἐσχάτων ἀεὶ ἐπαμφοτερίζει καὶ τὴν κάμψιν ἔχει εἰς τὸ πλάγιον μᾶλλον.
Likewise also in other multipeds; except that the limbs between the extreme ones are always intermediate and have their flexion rather to the side.
Ὁ δ’ ἄνθρωπος ἄμφω τὰς καμπὰς τῶν κώλων ἐπὶ ταὐτὸ ἔχει καὶ ἐξ ἐναντίας· τοὺς μὲν γὰρ βραχίονας εἰς τοὔπισθεν κάμπτει, πλὴν μικρὸν ἐβλαίσωται ἐπὶ τὰ πλάγια τὰ ἐντός, τὰ δὲ σκέλη εἰς τοὔμπροσθεν.
Man, however, has both flexions of his limbs in the same direction and in opposite ways; for he bends his arms backward, though they are slightly bowed toward the inner sides, and his legs forward.
Εἰς δὲ τὸ ὄπισθεν τά τε πρόσθια καὶ τὰ ὀπίσθια οὐθὲν κάμπτει τῶν ζῴων.
And no animal bends both its fore and hind limbs backward.
Ἐναντίως δὲ τοῖς ἀγκῶσι καὶ τοῖς προσθίοις σκέλεσιν ἠ τῶν ὤμων ἔχει καμπὴ πᾶσι, καὶ τῶν ὄπισθεν γονάτων ἡ τῶν ἰσχίων, ὥστ’ ἐπεὶ ὁ ἄνθρωπος τοῖς πολλοῖς ἐναντίως κάμπτει, καὶ οἱ τὰ τοιαῦτ’ ἔχοντες ἐναντίως.
In all animals, the flexion of the shoulders is opposite to that of the elbows and forelegs, and that of the hips to that of the hind knees; so that, since man bends in a manner opposite to most, those that have such parts also bend in an opposite way.
Παραπλησίους δὲ τὰς καμπὰς ἔχει καὶ ὁ ὄρνις τοῖς τετράποσι ζῴοις· δίπους γὰρ ὢν τὰ μὲν σκέλη εἰς τὸ ὄπισθεν κάμπτει, ἀντὶ δὲ βραχιόνων καὶ σκελῶν τῶν ἔμπροσθεν πτέρυγας ἔχει, ὧν ἡ κάμψις ἐστὶν εἰς τὸ πρόσθεν.
The bird also has flexions very similar to those of quadrupeds; for though it is bipedal, it bends its legs backward, and instead of arms and forelegs it has wings, the flexion of which is forward.
Ἡ δὲ φώκη ὥσπερ πεπηρωμένον ἐστὶ τετράπουν· εὐθὺς γὰρ ἔχει μετὰ τὴν ὠμοπλάτην τοὺς πόδας ὁμοίους χερσίν, ὥσπερ καὶ οἱ τῆς ἄρκτου· πενταδάκτυλοι γάρ εἰσι, καὶ ἕκαστος τῶν δακτύλων καμπὰς ἔχει τρεῖς καὶ ὄνυχα οὐ μέγαν· οἱ δ’ ὀπίσθιοι πόδες πενταδάκτυλοι μέν εἰσι, καὶ τὰς καμπὰς καὶ τοὺς ὄνυχας ὁμοίους ἔχουσι τοῖς προσθίοις, τῷ δὲ σχήματι παραπλήσιοι ταῖς τῶν ἰχθύων οὐραῖς εἰσίν.
The seal is like a maimed quadraped; for immediately after the shoulder-blade it has feet similar to hands, just like those of the bear; for they are five-toed, and each of the toes has three joints and a nail of no great size; and the hind feet, though five-toed and having joints and nails similar to those of the fore feet, are in shape very like the tails of fishes.