§1.17#2Τὴν δ’ ὄψιν ἐστὶν ὁ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου σπλὴν στενὸς καὶ μακρός, ὅμοιος τῷ ὑείῳ.
In appearance, the spleen of man is narrow and long, resembling that of a pig.
Τὸ δ’ ἧπαρ ὡς μὲν ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ καὶ ἐν τοῖς πλείστοις οὐκ ἔχει χολήν, ἐπ’ ἐνίοις δὲ ἔπεστιν.
The liver, for the most part and in most individuals, does not contain gall, though in some it is present.
Στρογγύλον δ’ ἐστὶ τὸ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἧπαρ καὶ ὅμοιον τῷ βοείῳ.
The liver of man is round and resembles that of an ox.
Συμβαίνει δὲ τοῦτο καὶ ἐν τοῖς ἱερείοις, οἷον ἐν μὲν τόπῳ τινὶ τῆς ἐν Εὐβοίᾳ Χαλκιδικῆς οὐκ ἔχει τὰ πρόβατα χολήν, ἐν δὲ Νάξῳ πάντα σχεδὸν τὰ τετράποδα τοσαύτην ὥστ’ ἐκπλήττεσθαι τοὺς θύοντας τῶν ξένων, οἰομένους αὑτῶν ἴδιον εἶναι τὸ σημεῖον, ἀλλ’ οὐ φύσιν αὐτῶν εἶναι ταύτην.
This also happens in sacrificial animals; for instance, in a certain place of Chalcidice in Euboea, the sheep have no gall, while in Naxos almost all quadrupeds have so much of it that strangers who sacrifice there are astonished, thinking the omen is peculiar to themselves, rather than that this is the natural character of the animals.
Προσπέφυκε δὲ τῇ μεγάλῃ φλεβὶ τὸ ἧπαρ, τῇ δ’ ἀορτῇ οὐ κοινωνεῖ· διὰ γὰρ τοῦ ἥπατος διέχει ἡ ἀπὸ τῆς μεγάλης φλεβὸς φλέψ, ᾗ αἱ καλούμεναι πύλαι εἰσὶ τοῦ ἥπατος.
The liver is attached to the great vein, but does not communicate with the aorta; for the vein from the great vein extends through the liver, where what are called the gates of the liver are situated.
Συνήρτηται δὲ καὶ ὁ σπλὴν τῇ μεγάλῃ φλεβὶ μόνον· τείνει γὰρ ἀπ’ αὐτῆς φλὲψ εἰς τὸν σπλῆνα.
The spleen also is attached to the great vein alone; for a vein extends from it into the spleen.
Μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα οἱ νεφροὶ πρὸς αὐτῇ τῇ ῥάχει κεῖνται, ὅμοιοι τὴν φύσιν ὄντες τοῖς βοείοις.
After these, the kidneys are situated close to the spine itself, being similar in nature to those of an ox.
Ἀνώτερος δὲ ὁ δεξιός ἐστιν ἐν πᾶσι τοῖς ζῴοις τοῖς ἔχουσι νεφρούς· καὶ ἐλάττω δὲ πιμελὴν ἔχει τοῦ ἀριστεροῦ καὶ αὐχμηρότερος ὁ δεξιός.
In all animals that have kidneys, the right one is situated higher; and the right one has less fat than the left and is drier.
Ἐν πᾶσι δ’ ἔχει ὁμοίως τοῖς ἄλλοις καὶ τοῦτο.
This is likewise the case in all other animals.
Φέρουσι δὲ εἰς αὐτοὺς πόροι ἔκ τε τῆς μεγάλης φλεβὸς καὶ τῆς ἀορτῆς, πλὴν οὐκ εἰς τὸ κοῖλον.
Passages lead into them both from the great vein and from the aorta, though not into the cavity.
Ἔχουσι γὰρ οἱ νεφροὶ ἐν μέσῳ κοῖλον, οἱ μὲν μεῖζον οἱ δ’ ἔλαττον, πλὴν οἱ τῆς φώκης· οὗτοι δ’ ὅμοιοι τοῖς βοείοις ὄντες στερεώτατοι πάντων εἰσίν.
For the kidneys have a cavity in the middle, some larger and some smaller, except those of the seal; and these, resembling those of an ox, are the most solid of all.
Οἱ δὲ πόροι οἱ τείνοντες εἰς αὐτοὺς εἰς τὸ σῶμα καταναλίσκονται τῶν νεφρῶν· σημεῖον δ’ ὅτι οὐ περαίνουσι τὸ μὴ ἔχειν αἷμα μηδὲ πήγνυσθαι ἐν αὐτοῖς.
The passages extending into them are spent in the body of the kidneys; and the proof that they do not penetrate is that they contain no blood, nor does blood coagulate in them.
Ἔχουσι δὲ κοιλίαν, ὥσπερ εἴρηται, μικράν.
They have, as has been said, a small cavity.
Ἐκ δὲ τοῦ κοίλου τῶν νεφρῶν φέρουσιν εἰς τὴν κύστιν πόροι δύο νεανικοί, καὶ ἄλλοι ἐκ τῆς ἀορτῆς ἰσχυροὶ καὶ συνεχεῖς.
From the cavity of the kidneys two strong passages lead to the bladder, and others from the aorta are strong and continuous.
Ἐκ μέσου δὲ τῶν νεφρῶν ἑκατέρου φλὲψ κοίλη καὶ νευρώδης ἐξήρτηται, τείνουσα παρ’ αὐτὴν τὴν ῥάχιν διὰ τῶν στενῶν· εἶτα εἰς ἑκάτερον τὸ ἰσχίον ἀφανίζονται, καὶ πάλιν δῆλαι γίνονται τεταμέναι πρὸς τὸ ἰσχίον.
From the middle of each of the two kidneys, a hollow and sinewy vein is suspended, extending along the spine itself through the narrow parts; then they disappear near each hip, and again become visible extending toward the hip.
Αὗται δ’ αἱ ἀποτομαὶ τῶν φλεβίων εἰς τὴν κύστιν καθήκουσιν.
These branches of the small veins descend into the bladder.
Τελευταία γὰρ ἡ κύστις κεῖται, τὴν μὲν ἐξάρτησιν ἔχουσα τοῖς ἀπὸ τῶν νεφρῶν τεταμένοις πόροις παρὰ τὸν καυλὸν τὸν ἐπὶ τὴν οὐρήθραν τείνοντα, καὶ σχεδὸν πάντῃ κύκλῳ λεπτοῖς καὶ ἰνώδεσιν ὑμενίοις ἐστὶ προσειλημμένη, παραπλησίοις οὖσι τρόπον τινὰ τῷ διαζώματι τοῦ θώρακος.
For the bladder is situated last, having its attachment to the passages extending from the kidneys near the stalk that extends to the urethra, and is attached almost all around by thin and fibrous membranes, which are in a way similar to the diaphragm of the chest.
Ἔστι δ’ ἡ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου κύστις ἐπιεικῶς ἔχουσα μέγεθος.
The bladder of man is of a moderate size.
Πρὸς δὲ τὸν καυλὸν τὸν τῆς κύστεως συνήρτηται τὸ αἰδοῖον, τὸ μὲν ἐξωτάτω τρῆμα συνερρωγὸς εἰς ταὐτό, μικρὸν δ’ ὑποκάτω.
To the stalk of the bladder the generative organ is attached, the outermost orifice being joined into the same, but a little below.
Τὸ μὲν οὖν εἰς τοὺς ὄρχεις φέρει τῶν τρημάτων, τὸ δ’ εἰς τὴν κύστιν, νευρῶδες καὶ χονδρῶδες ὄν.
Of these orifices, one leads to the testes, and the other to the bladder, being sinewy and cartilaginous.
Τούτου δ’ ἐξήρτηνται οἱ ὄρχεις τοῖς ἄρρεσι, περὶ ὧν ἐν τοῖς κοινῇ λεγομένοις διορισθήσεται πῶς ἔχουσιν.
To this the testes are attached in males, concerning whose condition it will be defined in the general discussions.
Τὸν αὐτὸν δὲ τρόπον καὶ ἐν τῷ θήλει πάντα πέφυκεν· διαφέρει γὰρ οὐθενὶ τῶν ἔσω πλὴν ταῖς ὑστέραις, ὧν ἡ μὲν ὄψις θεωρείσθω ἐκ τῆς διαγραφῆς τῆς ἐν ταῖς ἀνατομαῖς, ἡ δὲ θέσις ἐστὶν ἐπὶ τοῖς ἐντέροις· ἐπὶ δὲ τῆς ὑστέρας ἡ κύστις.
In the female, everything is naturally formed in the same manner; for she differs in none of the internal parts except the uterus, the appearance of which is to be observed from the diagram in the dissections, and its position is upon the intestines, and the bladder is upon the uterus.
Λεκτέον δὲ καὶ περὶ ὑστερῶν κοινῇ πασῶν ἐν τοῖς ἑπομένοις· οὔτε γὰρ ὅμοιαι πᾶσιν οὔθ’ ὁμοίως ἔχουσιν.
We must speak also of all uteri in common in what follows; for they are neither alike in all nor are they in a similar condition.
Τὰ μὲν οὖν μόρια καὶ τὰ ἐντὸς καὶ τὰ ἐκτὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ταῦτα καὶ τοιαῦτα, καὶ τοῦτον ἔχει τὸν τρόπον.
These and of such a kind, then, are the parts of man, both internal and external, and they are in this manner.