§1.2Πάντων δ’ ἐστὶ τῶν ζῴων κοινὰ μόρια, ᾧ δέχεται τὴν τροφὴν καὶ εἰς ὃ δέχεται· ταῦτα δ’ ἐστὶ ταὐτὰ καὶ ἕτερα κατὰ τοὺς εἰρημένους τρόπους, ἢ κατ’ εἶδος ἢ καθ’ ὑπεροχὴν ἢ κατ’ ἀναλογίαν ἢ τῇ θέσει διαφέροντα.
Of all animals, the parts common to all are that by which they receive food and that into which they receive it; and these are the same or different according to the modes already mentioned, differing either in species, or by excess, or by analogy, or in position.
Μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα ἄλλα κοινὰ μόρια ἔχει τὰ πλεῖστα τῶν ζῴων πρὸς τούτοις, ᾗ ἀφίησι τὸ περίττωμα τῆς τροφῆς καὶ ᾗ λαμβάνει· οὐ γὰρ πᾶσιν ὑπάρχει τοῦτο.
And after these, most animals have other common parts in addition to these, by which they discharge the residue of food and by which they take it in; for this is not present in all.
Καλεῖται δ’ ᾗ μὲν λαμβάνει, στόμα, εἰς ὃ δὲ δέχεται, κοιλία· τὸ δὲ λοιπὸν πολυώνυμόν ἐστιν.
And that by which they take it in is called the mouth, and that into which they receive it, the stomach; but the remaining part has many names.
Τοῦ δὲ περιττώματος ὄντος διττοῦ, ὅσα μὲν ἔχει δεκτικὰ μόρια τοῦ ὑγροῦ περιττώματος, ἔχει καὶ τῆς ξηρᾶς τροφῆς, ὅσα δὲ ταύτης, ἐκείνης οὐ πάντα.
And as the residue is of two kinds, those that have parts receptive of the liquid residue also have those of the dry food, but not all of those that have the latter have the former.
Διὸ ὅσα μὲν κύστιν ἔχει, καὶ κοιλίαν ἔχει, ὅσα δὲ κοιλίαν ἔχει, οὐ πάντα κύστιν ἔχει.
Wherefore, all that have a bladder also have a stomach, but not all that have a stomach have a bladder.
Ὀνομάζεται γὰρ τὸ μὲν τῆς ὑγρᾶς περιττώσεως δεκτικὸν μόριον κύστις, κοιλία δὲ τὸ τῆς ξηρᾶς.
For the part receptive of the liquid residue is named the bladder, and that of the dry is the stomach.
§1.3Τῶν δὲ λοιπῶν πολλοῖς ὑπάρχει ταῦτά τε τὰ μόρια καὶ ἔτι ᾗ τὸ σπέρμα ἀφιᾶσιν· καὶ τούτων ἐν οἷς μὲν ὑπάρχει γένεσις ζῴων τὸ μὲν εἰς αὑτὸ ἀφιέν, τὸ δὲ εἰς ἕτερον.
And of the remaining animals, many possess both these parts and further that by which they discharge the seed; and among these, in those in which the generation of animals occurs, one discharges into itself, and the other into another.
Καλεῖται δὲ τὸ μὲν εἰς αὑτὸ ἀφιὲν θῆλυ, τὸ δ’ εἰς τοῦτο ἄρρεν.
And that which discharges into itself is called female, and that which discharges into this is called male.
Ἐν ἐνίοις δ’ οὐκ ἔστι τὸ ἄρρεν καὶ θῆλυ· ᾗ καὶ τῶν μορίων τῶν πρὸς τὴν δημιουργίαν ταύτην διαφέρει τὸ εἶδος· τὰ μὲν γὰρ ἔχει ὑστέραν τὰ δὲ τὸ ἀνάλογον.
But in some there is no male and female; wherefore also the species of the parts for this production differs; for some have a uterus, and others its analogue.
Ὅσα μὲν οὖν ἀναγκαιότατα μόρια τοῖς ζῴοις τὰ μὲν πᾶσιν ἔχειν συμβέβηκε τὰ δὲ τοῖς πλείστοις, ταῦτ’ ἐστίν.
These, then, are the parts most necessary to animals, some of which happen to be possessed by all, and others by most.
Πᾶσι δὲ τοῖς ζῴοις αἴσθησις μία ὑπάρχει κοινὴ μόνη ἡ ἁφή, ὥστε καὶ ἐν ᾧ αὕτη μορίῳ γίνεσθαι πέφυκεν, ἀνώνυμόν ἐστιν· τοῖς μὲν γὰρ ταὐτὸ τοῖς δὲ τὸ ἀνάλογόν ἐστιν.
And to all animals there belongs only one common sense, namely touch, so that even the part in which this is naturally produced is without a name; for in some it is the same, and in others it is the analogue.
§1.4Ἔχει δὲ καὶ ὑγρότητα πᾶν ζῷον, ἧς στερισκόμενον ἢ φύσει ἢ βίᾳ φθείρεται.
And every animal also has moisture, deprived of which, either by nature or by force, it perishes.
Ἔτι ἐν ᾧ γίγνεται, τοῦτο ἄλλο.
Further, that in which this is produced is another thing.
Ἔστι δὲ τοῦτο τοῖς μὲν αἷμα καὶ φλέψ, τοῖς δὲ τὸ ἀνάλογον τούτων· ἔστι δ’ ἀτελῆ ταῦτα, οἷον τὸ μὲν ἲς τὸ δ’ ἰχώρ.
And this is in some blood and blood-vessels, and in others the analogue of these; and these are incomplete, such as fiber or lymph.
Ἡ μὲν οὖν ἁφὴ ἐν ὁμοιομερεῖ ἐγγίνεται μέρει, οἷον ἐν σαρκὶ ἢ τοιούτῳ τινί, καὶ ὅλως ἐν τοῖς αἱματικοῖς, ὅσα ἔχει αἷμα· τοῖς δ’ ἐν τῷ ἀνάλογον, πᾶσι δ’ ἐν τοῖς ὁμοιομερέσιν.
Now touch is produced in a homoeomerous (uniform) part, such as in flesh or some such thing, and generally in blooded animals, in all that have blood; but in others in the analogue, and in all in the homoeomerous parts.
Αἱ δὲ ποιητικαὶ δυνάμεις ἐν τοῖς ἀνομοιομερέσιν, οἷον ἡ τῆς τροφῆς ἐργασία ἐν στόματι καὶ ἡ τῆς κινήσεως τῆς κατὰ τόπον ἐν ποσὶν ἢ πτέρυξιν ἢ τοῖς ἀνάλογον.
But the active faculties are in the anhomoeomerous (non-uniform) parts, such as the processing of food in the mouth, and local motion in the feet or wings or their analogues.
Πρὸς δὲ τούτοις τὰ μὲν ἔναιμα τυγχάνει ὄντα, οἷον ἄνθρωπος καὶ ἵππος καὶ πάνθ’· ὅσα ἢ ἄποδά ἐστι τέλεα ὄντα ἢ δίποδα ἢ τετράποδα, τὰ δ’ ἄναιμα, οἷν μέλιττα καὶ σφὴξ καὶ τῶν θαλαττίων σηπία καὶ κάραβος καὶ πάνθ’ ὅσα πλείους πόδας ἔχει τεττάρων.
In addition to these, some happen to be blooded, such as man and horse and all that are footless when perfect, or biped, or quadruped; and others are bloodless, such as the bee and wasp, and of marine animals, the cuttlefish and the spiny lobster, and all that have more feet than four.