§1.5#1Καὶ τὰ μὲν ζῳοτόκα τὰ δὲ ᾠοτόκα τὰ δὲ σκωληκοτόκα, ζῳοτόκα μὲν οἷον ἄνθρωπος καὶ ἵππος καὶ φώκη καὶ τὰ ἄλλα ὅσα ἔχει τρίχας, καὶ τῶν ἐνύδρων τὰ κητώδη, οἷον δελφίς, καὶ τὰ καλούμενα σελάχη.
And some are viviparous, some oviparous, and some larviparous. The viviparous are, for instance, man, horse, seal, and all other animals that have hair, and among aquatic animals, the cetaceans, such as the dolphin, and the so-called selachians.
Τούτων δὲ τὰ μὲν αὐλὸν ἔχει, βράγχια δ’ οὐκ ἔχει, οἷον δελφὶς καὶ φάλαινα (ἔχει δ’ ὁ μὲν δελφὶς τὸν αὐλὸν διὰ τοῦ νώτου, ἡ δὲ φάλαινα ἐν τῷ μετώπῳ), τὰ δὲ ἀκάλυπτα βράγχια, οἷον τὰ σελάχη, γαλεοί τε καὶ βάτοι.
And of these, some have a blowhole but do not have gills, such as the dolphin and the whale (the dolphin having its blowhole through its back, and the whale in its forehead), while others have uncovered gills, such as the selachians, sharks and rays.
Καλεῖται δ’ ᾠὸν μὲν τῶν κυημάτων τῶν τελείων, ἐξ οὗ γίγνεται τὸ γινόμενον ζῷον, ἐκ μορίου τὴν ἀρχήν, τὸ δ’ ἄλλο τροφὴ τῷ γινομένῳ ἐστίν· σκώληξ δ’ ἐστὶν ἐξ οὗ ὅλου ὅλον γίνεται τὸ ζῷον, διαρθρουμένου καὶ αὐξανομένου τοῦ κυήματος.
Now, an "egg" is defined as that of the perfect fetations from a part of which the coming-to-be animal arises, while the rest is food for the developing creature; whereas a "larva" is that from the whole of which the whole animal is formed, as the fetation takes shape and grows.
Τὰ μὲν οὖν ἐν αὑτοῖς ᾠοτοκεῖ τῶν ζῳοτόκων, οἷον τὰ σελάχη, τὰ δὲ ζῳοτοκεῖ ἐν αὑτοῖς, οἷον ἄνθρωπος καὶ ἵππος· εἰς δὲ τὸ φανερὸν τῶν μὲν τελεωθέντος τοῦ κυήματος ζῷον ἐξέρχεται, τῶν δ’ ᾠόν, τῶν δὲ σκώληξ.
Thus, some of the viviparous animals produce eggs within themselves, such as the selachians, while others produce living young within themselves, such as man and horse; and externally, from some a living animal comes forth when the fetation is perfected, from others an egg, and from others a larva.
Τῶν δ’ ᾠῶν τὰ μὲν ὀστρακόδερμά ἐστι καὶ δίχροα, οἷον τὰ τῶν ὀρνίθων, τὰ δὲ μαλακόδερμα καὶ μονόχροα, οἷον τὰ τῶν σελαχῶν.
Of eggs, some are hard-shelled and two-colored, such as those of birds, while others are soft-skinned and of one color, such as those of the selachians.
Καὶ τῶν σκωλήκων οἱ μὲν εὐθὺς κινητικοὶ οἱ δ’ ἀκίνητοι.
And of larvae, some are immediately capable of motion, while others are motionless.
Ἀλλὰ περὶ μὲν τούτων ἐν τοῖς περὶ γενέσεως δι’ ἀκριβείας ὕστερον ἐροῦμεν.
But about these matters we shall speak with precision later in our treatises on Generation.
Ἔτι δὲ τῶν ζῴων τὰ μὲν ἔχει πόδας τὰ δ’ ἄποδα, καὶ τῶν ἐχόντων τὰ μὲν δύο πόδας ἔχει, οἷον ἄνθρωπος καὶ ὄρνις μόνα, τὰ δὲ τέτταρας, οἷον σαύρα καὶ κύων, τὰ δὲ πλείους, οἷον σκολόπενδρα καὶ μέλιττα· πάντα δ’ ἀρτίους ἔχει πόδας.
Furthermore, of animals, some have feet and others are footless; and of those that have them, some have two feet, as man and bird alone, others four, as lizard and dog, and others more, as centipede and bee; and all have an even number of feet.
Τῶν δὲ νευστικῶν ὅσα ἄποδα, τὰ μὲν πτερύγια ἔχει, ὥσπερ ἰχθύς, καὶ τούτων οἱ μὲν τέτταρα πτερύγια, δύο μὲν ἄνω ἐν τοῖς πρανέσι, δύο δὲ κάτω ἐν τοῖς ὑπτίοις, οἷον χρύσοφρυς καὶ λάβραξ, τὰ δὲ δύο μόνον, ὅσα προμήκη καὶ λεῖα, οἷον ἔγχελυς καὶ γόγγρος· τὰ δ’ ὅλως οὐκ ἔχει, οἷον σμύραινα καὶ ὅσα ἄλλα χρῆται τῇ θαλάττῃ ὥσπερ οἱ ὄφεις τῇ γῇ, καὶ ἐν τῷ ὑγρῷ ὁμοίως νέουσιν.
Of swimming animals that are footless, some have fins, like fish; and of these, some have four fins, two above on their back and two below on their belly, such as the gilthead and the sea-bass, while others have two only, namely those that are elongated and smooth, such as the eel and the conger; and others have none at all, such as the moray eel and all others that use the sea just as snakes use the land, and swim in the liquid element in a similar manner.
Τῶν δὲ σελαχῶν ἔνια μὲν οὐκ ἔχει πτερύγια, οἷον τὰ πλατέα καὶ κερκοφόρα, ὥσπερ βάτος καὶ τρυγών, ἀλλ’ αὐτοῖς νεῖ τοῖς πλάτεσιν· βάτραχος δ’ ἔχει, καὶ ὅσα τὸ πλάτος μὴ ἔχει ἀπολελεπτυσμένον.
And of the selachians, some do not have fins, namely those that are flat and have tails, such as the ray and the stingray, but swim with their flat bodies themselves; but the angler-fish has them, as well as all those whose flat part is not thinned out.
Ὅσα δὲ δοκεῖ πόδας ἔχειν, καθάπερ καὶ τὰ μαλάκια, τούτοις νεῖ καὶ τοῖς πτερυγίοις, καὶ θᾶττον ἐπὶ κύτος, οἷον σηπία καὶ τευθὶς καὶ πολύπους· βαδίζει δὲ τούτων οὐδέτερον, ὥσπερ πολύπους.
And those that appear to have feet, just like the molluscs, swim both with these and with their fins, and swim more rapidly in the direction of the cavity, such as the cuttlefish, the squid, and the octopus; but neither of the former walks, as the octopus does.