§1.1#3Εἰσὶ δὲ καὶ αἱ τοιαίδε διαφοραὶ κατὰ τοὺς βίους καὶ τὰς πράξεις.
And there are also differences of the following kinds in respect of their modes of life and their actions.
Τὰ μὲν γὰρ αὐτῶν ἐστὶν ἀγελαῖα τὰ δὲ μοναδικά, καὶ πεζὰ καὶ πτηνὰ καὶ πλωτά, τὰ δ’ ἐπαμφοτερίζει.
For some of them are gregarious and others solitary, among land animals, winged, and swimming alike, while others participate in both characters.
Καὶ τῶν ἀγελαίων καὶ τῶν μοναδικῶν τὰ μὲν πολιτικὰ τὰ δὲ σποραδικά ἐστιν.
And of both the gregarious and the solitary, some are social (political) and others scattered (dispersed).
Ἀγελαῖα μὲν οὖν οἷον ἐν τοῖς πτηνοῖς τὸ τῶν περιστερῶν γένος καὶ γέρανος καὶ κύκνος (γαμψώνυχον δ’ οὐδὲν ἀγελαῖον), καὶ τῶν πλωτῶν πολλὰ γένη τῶν ἰχθύων, οἷον οὓς καλοῦσι δρομάδας, θύννοι, πηλαμύδες, ἄμιαι· ὁ δ’ ἄνθρωπος ἐπαμφοτερίζει.
Now, among the winged, the gregarious are, for instance, the genus of pigeons, the crane, and the swan (but no crook-clawed animal is gregarious); and among the swimming, many genera of fish, such as those they call runners (dromades), tuns, pelamydes, and amiae; but man participates in both characters.
Πολιτικὰ δ’ ἐστὶν ὧν ἕν τι καὶ κοινὸν γίνεται πάντων τὸ ἔργον· ὅπερ οὐ πάντα ποιεῖ τὰ ἀγελαῖα.
And those are social (political) of which the work of all becomes one and common; which is not done by all the gregarious.
Ἔστι δὲ τοιοῦτον ἄνθρωπος, μέλιττα, σφήξ, μύρμηξ, γέρανος.
Such is man, the bee, the wasp, the ant, and the crane.
Καὶ τούτων τὰ μὲν ὑφ’ ἡγεμόνα ἐστὶ τὰ δ’ ἄναρχα, οἷον γέρανος μὲν καὶ τὸ τῶν μελιττῶν γένος ὑφ’ ἡγεμόνα, μύρμηκες δὲ καὶ μυρία ἄλλα ἄναρχα.
And of these, some are under a leader and others leaderless; for instance, the crane and the genus of bees are under a leader, but ants and ten thousand other things are leaderless.
Καὶ τὰ μὲν ἐπιδημητικὰ καὶ τῶν ἀγελαίων καὶ τῶν μοναδικῶν, τὰ δὲ ἐκτοπιστικά.
And some are migratory, both among the gregarious and the solitary, and others stay in their places.
Καὶ τὰ μὲν σαρκοφάγα, τὰ δὲ καρποφάγα, τὰ δὲ παμφάγα, τὰ δὲ ἰδιότροφα, οἷον τὸ τῶν μελιττῶν γένος καὶ τὸ τῶν ἀραχνῶν· τὰ μὲν γὰρ μέλιτι καί τισιν ἄλλοις ὀλίγοις τῶν γλυκέων χρῆται τροφῇ, οἱ δ’ ἀράχναι ἀπὸ τῆς τῶν μυιῶν θήρας ζῶσιν, τὰ δ’ ἰχθύσι χρῶνται τροφῇ.
And some are carnivorous, others frugivorous, others omnivorous, and others have a peculiar diet, such as the genus of bees and that of spiders; for the former use honey and a few other sweet things as food, while spiders live by hunting flies, and others use fish as food.
Καὶ τὰ μὲν θηρευτικά, τὰ δὲ θησαυριστικὰ τῆς τροφῆς ἐστί, τὰ δ’ οὔ.
And some are hunting animals, and others store their food, and others do not.
Καὶ τὰ μὲν οἰκητικὰ τὰ δὲ ἄοικα, οἰκητικὰ μὲν οἷον ἀσπάλαξ, μῦς, μύρμηξ, μέλιττα, ἄοικα δὲ πολλὰ τῶν ἐντόμων καὶ τῶν τετραπόδων.
And some are house-dwellers, and others are houseless; house-dwellers are, for instance, the mole, the mouse, the ant, the bee, and houseless are many of the insects and quadrupeds.
Ἔτι τοῖς τόποις τὰ μὲν τρωγλοδυτικά, οἷον σαύρα, ὄφις, τὰ δ’ ὑπέργεια, οἷον ἵππος, κύων.
Further, as to their localities, some are cave-dwellers, as the lizard and the snake, and others are above-ground, as the horse and the dog.
Καὶ τὰ μὲν τρηματώδη τὰ δ’ ἄτρητα.
And some are borers, and others non-borers.
Καὶ τὰ μὲν νυκτερόβια, οἷον γλαύξ, νυκτερίς, τὰ δ’ ἐν τῷ φωτὶ ζῇ.
And some are nocturnal, as the owl and the bat, and others live in the light.
Ἔτι δὲ ἥμερα καὶ ἄγρια, καὶ τὰ μὲν ἀεί, οἷον ἄνθρωπος καὶ ὀρεὺς ἀεὶ ἥμερα, τὰ δ’ ἄγρια, ὥσπερ πάρδαλις καὶ λύκος· τὰ δὲ καὶ ἡμεροῦσθαι δύναται ταχύ, οἷον ἐλέφας.
Further, some are tame and others wild; and some are always so, as man and the mule are always tame, and others are wild, as the panther and the wolf; and others can be tamed quickly, as the elephant.
Ἔτι ἄλλον τρόπον· πάντα γὰρ ὅσα ἥμερά ἐστι γένη, καὶ ἄγριά ἐστιν, οἷον ἵπποι, βόες, ὕες, πρόβατα, αἶγες, κύνες.
Further, in another way: for all genera that are tame also exist as wild, as horses, cattle, swine, sheep, goats, and dogs.
Καὶ τὰ μὲν ψοφητικά, τὰ δὲ ἄφωνα, τὰ δὲ φωνήεντα, καὶ τούτων τὰ μὲν διάλεκτον ἔχει τὰ δὲ ἀγράμματα, καὶ τὰ μὲν κωτίλα τὰ δὲ σιγηλά, τὰ δ’ ᾠδικὰ τὰ δ’ ἄνῳδα· πάντων δὲ κοινὸν τὸ περὶ τὰς ὀχείας μάλιστα ᾄδειν καὶ λαλεῖν.
And some are noisy, others voiceless, others vocal; and of these, some have speech (dialect), others are unlettered, and some are talkative, others silent, and some are songsters, others songless; but it is common to all to sing and talk most about coition.
Καὶ τὰ μὲν ἄγροικα, ὥσπερ φάττα, τὰ δ’ ὄρεια, ὥσπερ ἔποψ, τὰ δὲ συνανθρωπίζει, οἷον περιστερά.
And some live in the fields, like the ring-dove, others in the mountains, like the hoopoe, and others associate with man, like the pigeon.
Καὶ τὰ μὲν ἀφροδισιαστικά, οἷον τὸ τῶν περδίκων καὶ ἀλεκτρυόνων γένος, τὰ δὲ ἁγνευτικά, οἷον τὸ τῶν κορακοειδῶν ὀρνίθων γένος· ταῦτα γὰρ σπανίως ποιεῖται τὴν ὀχείαν.
And some are wanton, like the genus of partridges and cocks, and others are chaste, like the genus of crow-like birds; for these rarely perform coition.
Καὶ τῶν θαλαττίων τὰ μὲν πελάγια, τὰ δὲ αἰγιαλώδη, τὰ δὲ πετραῖα.
And of marine animals, some are pelagic, others littoral, others rocky.
Ἔτι τὰ μὲν ἀμυντικὰ τὰ δὲ φυλακτικά· ἔστι δ’ ἀμυντικὰ μὲν ὅσα ἢ ἐπιτίθεται ἢ ἀδικούμενα ἀμύνεται, φυλακτικὰ δὲ ὅσα πρὸς τὸ μὴ παθεῖν τι ἔχει ἐν αὑτοῖς ἀλεωρήν.
Further, some are offensive and others defensive; and offensive are all those that either attack or defend themselves when wronged, and defensive are all those that have some protection in themselves against suffering anything.
Διαφέρουσι δὲ καὶ ταῖς τοιαῖσδε διαφοραῖς κατὰ τὸ ἦθος.
And they also differ in respect of their character by such differences as these.
Τὰ μὲν γάρ ἐστι πρᾶα καὶ δύσθυμα καὶ οὐκ ἐνστατικά, οἷον βοῦς, τὰ δὲ θυμώδη καὶ ἐνστατικὰ καὶ ἀμαθῆ, οἷον ὗς ἄγριος, τὰ δὲ φρόνιμα καὶ δειλά, οἷον ἔλαφος, δασύπους, τὰ δὲ ἀνελεύθερα καὶ ἐπίβουλα, οἷον οἱ ὄφεις, τὰ δὲ ἐλευθέρια καὶ ἀνδρεῖα καὶ εὐγενῆ, οἷον λέων, τὰ δὲ γενναῖα καὶ ἄγρια καὶ ἐπίβουλα, οἷον λύκος· εὐγενὲς μὲν γάρ ἐστι τὸ ἐξ ἀγαθοῦ γένους, γενναῖον δὲ τὸ μὴ ἐξιστάμενον ἐκ τῆς αὑτοῦ φύσεως.
For some are gentle, spiritless, and not obstinate, like the ox; others are high-spirited, obstinate, and ignorant, like the wild boar; others are intelligent and timid, like the deer and the hare; others are mean and insidious, like snakes; others are liberal, brave, and noble, like the lion; others are generous, wild, and insidious, like the wolf (for "noble" is that which is from a good stock, but "generous" is that which does not depart from its own nature).
Καὶ τὰ μὲν πανοῦργα καὶ κακοῦργα, οἷον ἀλώπηξ, τὰ δὲ θυμικὰ καὶ φιλητικὰ καὶ θωπευτικά, οἷον κύων, τὰ δὲ πρᾶα καὶ τιθασσευτικά, οἷον ἐλέφας, τὰ δ’ αἰσχυντηλὰ καὶ φυλακτικά, οἷον χήν, τὰ δὲ φθονερὰ καὶ φιλόκαλα, οἷον ταώς.
And some are crafty and mischievous, like the fox; others are high-spirited, affectionate, and fawning, like the dog; others are gentle and easily tamed, like the elephant; others are shy and protective, like the goose; others are envious and fond of beautiful things, like the peacock.
Βουλευτικὸν δὲ μόνον ἄνθρωπός ἐστι τῶν ζῴων.
But man is the only animal that is deliberative.
Καὶ μνήμης μὲν καὶ διδαχῆς πολλὰ κοινωνεῖ, ἀναμιμνήσκεσθαι δὲ οὐδὲν ἄλλο δύναται πλὴν ἄνθρωπος.
And many participate in memory and instruction, but nothing else is able to recollect except man.
Περὶ ἕκαστον δὲ τῶν γενῶν τά τε περὶ τὰ ἤθη καὶ τοὺς βίους ὕστερον λεχθήσεται δι’ ἀκριβείας μᾶλλον.
And concerning each of the genera, the things about characters and modes of life will be discussed later with more accuracy.