§1.17#1Ἡ δὲ καρδία ἔχει μὲν τρεῖς κοιλίας, κεῖται δ’ ἀνωτέρω τοῦ πλεύμονος κατὰ τὴν σχίσιν τῆς ἀρτηρίας, ἔχει δ’ ὑμένα πιμελώδη καὶ παχύν, ᾗ προσπέφυκε τῇ φλεβὶ τῇ μεγάλῃ καὶ τῇ ἀορτῇ.
The heart has three cavities, and is situated higher than the lung near the division of the windpipe; and it has a fatty and thick membrane where it is attached to the great vein and the aorta.
Κεῖται δὲ ἐπὶ τῇ ἀορτῇ κατὰ τὰ ὀξέα.
And it is situated upon the aorta by its pointed parts.
Κεῖται δὲ τὰ ὀξέα κατὰ τὸ στῆθος ὁμοίως ἁπάντων τῶν ζῴων, ὅσα ἔχει στῆθος.
And the pointed parts are situated near the chest in all animals alike, as many as have a chest.
Πᾶσι δ’ ὁμοίως καὶ τοῖς ἔχουσι καὶ τοῖς μὴ ἔχουσι τοῦτο τὸ μόριον εἰς τὸ πρόσθεν ἔχει ἡ καρδία τὸ ὀξύ· λάθοι δ’ ἂν πολλάκις διὰ τὸ μεταπίπτειν διαιρουμένων.
And in all alike, both those that have and those that do not have this part, the heart has its pointed end toward the front; but this would often escape notice because of its shifting position when animals are dissected.
Τὸ δὲ κυρτὸν αὐτῆς ἐστὶν ἄνω.
And its rounded part is above.
Ἔχει δὲ τὸ ὀξὺ σαρκῶδες ἐπὶ πολὺ καὶ πυκνόν, καὶ ἐν τοῖς κοίλοις αὐτῆς νεῦρα ἔνεστιν.
And it has its pointed end fleshy for the most part and dense, and inside its cavities there are fibers.
Κεῖται δὲ τὴν θέσιν ἐν μὲν τοῖς ἄλλοις κατὰ μέσον τὸ στῆθος, ὅσα ἔχει στῆθος, τοῖς δ’ ἀνθρώποις ἐν τοῖς ἀριστεροῖς μᾶλλον, μικρὸν τῆς διαιρέσεως τῶν μαστῶν ἐγκλίνουσα εἰς τὸν ἀριστερὸν μαστὸν ἐν τῷ ἄνω μέρει τοῦ στήθους.
In other animals that have a chest, it is situated in the middle of the chest, but in men rather on the left, inclining a little from the division of the breasts toward the left breast in the upper part of the chest.
Καὶ οὔτε μεγάλη, τό τε ὅλον αὐτῆς εἶδος οὐ πρόμηκές ἐστιν ἀλλὰ στρογγυλώτερον· πλὴν τὸ ἄκρον εἰς ὀξὺ συνῆκται.
And it is not large, and its whole shape is not oblong but rather roundish; except that its extremity is drawn together to a point.
Ἔχει δὲ κοιλίας τρεῖς, ὥσπερ εἴρηται, μεγίστην μὲν τὴν ἐν τοῖς δεξιοῖς, ἐλαχίστην δὲ τὴν ἐν τοῖς ἀριστεροῖς, μέσην δὲ μεγέθει τὴν ἀνὰ μέσον· καὶ εἰσὶν εἰς τὸν πνεύμονα τετρημέναι πᾶσαι.
And it has three cavities, as has been said, the largest being on the right, the smallest on the left, and the middle-sized one in between; and they are all perforated into the lung.
Ἀμφοτέρας δὲ ἔχει τὰς δύο μικράς, καὶ εἰς τὸν πλεύμονα τετρημένας ἁπάσας.
And it has both of the two small ones, and all are perforated into the lung.
Κατάδηλον δὲ κατὰ μίαν τῶν κοιλιῶν κάτωθεν ἐκ τῆς προσφύσεως.
And this is clear in one of the cavities from below from the point of attachment.
Κατὰ μὲν τὴν μεγίστην κοιλίαν ἐξήρτηται τῇ μεγίστῃ φλεβί, πρὸς ἣν καὶ τὸ μεσεντέριόν ἐστι, κατὰ δὲ τὴν μέσην τῇ ἀορτῇ.
At the largest cavity, it is suspended from the great vein, to which the mesentery also extends, and at the middle cavity, from the aorta.
Φέρουσι δὲ καὶ εἰς τὸν πλεύμονα πόροι ἀπὸ τῆς καρδίας, καὶ σχίζονται τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον ὅνπερ ἡ ἀρτηρία, κατὰ πάντα τὸν πλεύμονα παρακολουθοῦντες τοῖς ἀπὸ τῆς ἀρτηρίας.
And passages also lead from the heart into the lung, and they split in the same manner as the windpipe, accompanying those from the windpipe throughout the whole lung.
Ἐπάνω δ’ εἰσὶν οἱ ἀπὸ τῆς καρδίας πόροι· οὐδεὶς δ’ ἐστὶ κοινὸς πόρος, ἀλλὰ διὰ τὴν σύναψιν δέχονται τὸ πνεῦμα καὶ τῇ καρδίᾳ διαπέμπουσιν· φέρει γὰρ ὁ μὲν εἰς τὸ δεξιὸν κοῖλον τῶν πόρων, ὁ δ’ εἰς τὸ ἀριστερόν.
And the passages from the heart are above; and there is no common passage, but through contact they receive the breath and transmit it to the heart; for one of the passages leads into the right cavity, and the other into the left.
Περὶ δὲ τῆς φλεβὸς τῆς μεγάλης καὶ τῆς ἀορτῆς κατ’ αὐτὰς κοινῇ περὶ ἀμφοτέρων ἐροῦμεν ὕστερον.
Concerning the great vein and the aorta themselves, we shall speak of both together later.
Αἷμα δὲ πλεῖστον μὲν ὁ πλεύμων ἔχει τῶν ἐν τοῖς ζῴοις μορίων τοῖς ἔχουσί τε πνεύμονα καὶ ζῳοτοκοῦσιν ἐν αὑτοῖς τε καὶ ἐκτός· ἅπας μὲν γάρ ἐστι σομφός, παρ’ ἑκάστην δὲ τὴν σύριγγα πόροι φέρουσι τῆς μεγάλης φλεβός.
And the lung has the most blood of the parts in animals that have a lung and are viviparous both within themselves and externally; for it is entirely porous, and along each tube passages from the great vein lead.
Ἀλλ’ οἱ νομίζοντες εἶναι κενὸν διηπάτηνται, θεωροῦντες τοὺς ἐξῃρημένους ἐκ τῶν διαιρουμένων τῶν ζῴων, ὧν εὐθέως ἐξελήλυθε τὸ αἷμα ἀθρόον.
But those who think it is empty are deceived, observing them when removed from dissected animals, from which the blood has immediately flowed out all at once.
Τῶν δ’ ἄλλων σπλάγχνων ἡ καρδία μόνον ἔχει αἷμα.
Of the other viscera, only the heart contains blood.
Καὶ ὁ μὲν πλεύμων οὐκ ἐν αὑτῷ ἀλλ’ ἐν ταῖς φλεψίν, ἡ δὲ καρδία ἐν αὑτῇ· ἐν ἑκάστῃ γὰρ ἔχει αἷμα τῶν κοιλιῶν, λεπτότατον δ’ ἐστὶ τὸ ἐν τῇ μέσῃ.
And the lung contains it not in itself but in the veins, but the heart contains it in itself; for it has blood in each of its cavities, and that in the middle is the thinnest.
Ὑπὸ δὲ τὸν πνεύμονά ἐστι τὸ διάζωμα τὸ τοῦ θώρακος, αἱ καλούμεναι φρένες, πρὸς μὲν τὰ πλευρὰ καὶ τὰ ὑποχόνδρια καὶ τὴν ῥάχιν συνηρτημέναι, ἐν μέσῳ δ’ ἔχει τὰ λεπτὰ καὶ ὑμενώδη.
Under the lung is the partition of the chest, the so-called phrenes (diaphragm), attached to the ribs, the hypochondria, and the spine, and in the middle it has thin and membranous parts.
Ἔχει δὲ δι’ αὑτοῦ καὶ φλέβας τεταμένας· εἰσὶ δ’ αἱ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου φλέβες παχεῖαι ὡς κατὰ λόγον τοῦ σώματος.
And it also has veins extending through it; and the veins of man are thick in proportion to the body.
Ὑπὸ δὲ τὸ διάζωμα ἐν μὲν τοῖς δεξιοῖς κεῖται τὸ ἧπαρ, ἐν δὲ τοῖς ἀριστεροῖς ὁ σπλήν, ὁμοίως ἐν ἅπασι τοῖς ἔχουσι ταῦτα τὰ μόρια κατὰ φύσιν καὶ μὴ τερατωδῶς· ἤδη γὰρ ὦπται μετηλλαχότα τὴν τάξιν ἔν τισι τῶν τετραπόδων.
Under the diaphragm is situated the liver on the right, and the spleen on the left, alike in all that have these parts naturally and not monstrously; for already they have been seen with their position reversed in some quadrupeds.
Συνήρτηται δὲ τῇ κάτω κοιλίᾳ κατὰ τὸ ἐπίπλοον.
And they are attached to the lower belly at the omentum.