§2.7#1Πῶς μὲν οὖν ἕκαστον συνίσταται τῶν μορίων, εἴρηται, καὶ τί τῆς γενέσεως αἴτιον·
How each of the parts is constituted has, then, been said, as well as what the cause of their generation is.
ἔχει δὲ τὴν αὔξησιν τὰ ζῳοτοκούμενα τῶν ἐμβρύων, ὥσπερ ἐλέχθη πρότερον, διὰ τῆς τοῦ ὀμφαλοῦ προσφύσεως.
And viviparous embryos receive their growth, as was said before, through the attachment of the umbilical cord.
ἐπεὶ γὰρ ἔνεστιν ἐν τοῖς ζῴοις καὶ ἡ θρεπτικὴ δύναμις τῆς ψυχῆς, ἀφίησιν εὐθὺς οἷν ῥίζαν τὸν ὀμφαλὸν εἰς τὴν ὑστέραν.
For since the nutritive power of the soul is also present in animals, they send out the umbilical cord immediately into the uterus like a root.
ἔστι δὲ ὁ ὀμφαλὸς ἐν κελύφει φλέβες, τοῖς μὲν μείζοσι πλείους, οἷον βοῒ καὶ τοῖς τοιούτοις, τοῖς δὲ μέσοις δύο, μία δὲ τοῖς ἐσχάτοις.
And the umbilical cord consists of blood vessels inside a sheath, which are more numerous in the larger animals, such as oxen and the like, two in the medium-sized ones, and one in the smallest.
διὰ δὲ τούτου λαμβάνει τὴν τροφὴν αἱματικήν.
And through this the embryo receives its bloody nourishment.
αἱ γὰρ ὑστέραι πέρατα φλεβῶν πολλῶν εἰσίν.
For the uterus is the termination of many blood vessels.
τὰ μὲν οὖν μὴ ἀμφώδοντα πάντα, καὶ τῶν ἀμφωδόντων ὅσων ἡ ὑστέρα μὴ μίαν φλέβα μεγάλην ἔχει διατείνουσαν ἀλλ᾽ ἀντὶ μιᾶς πυκνὰς πολλάς, ταῦτα ἐν ταῖς ὑστέραις ἔχει τὰς καλουμένας κοτυληδόνας, τὸ μὲν περιφερὲς ἐχούσας πρὸς τὴν ὑστέραν, τὸ δὲ κοῖλον πρὸς τὸ ἔμβρυον.
Now, all those animals that do not have teeth in both jaws, and of those that do, as many as do not have one large blood vessel extending through the uterus but instead of one have many closely-packed ones, these have in their uterus what are called cotyledons, which have their convex side toward the uterus and their concave side toward the embryo.
μεταξὺ δὲ τῆς ὑστέρας καὶ τοῦ ἐμβρύου τὸ χόριον καὶ οἱ ὑμένες εἰσίν.
And between the uterus and the embryo are the chorion and the membranes.
αἱ δὲ κοτυληδόνες αὐξανομένου καὶ τελεουμένου τοῦ ἐμβρύου γίνονται ἐλάττους, καὶ τέλος ἀφανίζονται τελεωθέντος.
And the cotyledons become smaller as the embryo grows and reaches completion, and finally disappear when it is completed.
εἰς τοῦτο γὰρ προεκτίθεται τοῖς ἐμβρύοις ἡ φύσις τὴν αἱματικὴν τροφὴν τῆς ὑστέρας ὥσπερ εἰς μαστούς, καὶ διὰ τὸ ἀθροίζεσθαι καὶ κατὰ μικρὸν ἐκ πολλῶν οἷον ἐξάνθημα καὶ φλεγμασία γίνεται τὸ σῶμα τὸ τῆς κοτυληδόνος.
For nature pre-exposes for the embryos the bloody nourishment of the uterus in these, as if in breasts, and due to its collecting gradually from many vessels, the body of the cotyledon is formed like an eruption or inflammation.
ἕως μὲν ἄν οὖν ἔλαττον ᾖ τὸ ἔμβρυον, οὐ δυνάμενον πολλὴν λαμβάνειν τροφήν, δῆλαί εἰσι καὶ μείζονες, αὐξηθέντος δὲ συμπίπτουσιν.
As long as, then, the embryo is smaller, being unable to receive much nourishment, they are conspicuous and larger, but when it has grown, they collapse.
τὰ δὲ πολλὰ τῶν κολοβῶν ζῴων καὶ ἀμφωδόντων οὐκ ἔχει κοτυληδόνα ἐν ταῖς ὑστέραις, ἀλλ’ ὁ ὀμφαλὸς εἰς φλέβα τείνει μίαν, αὕτη δὲ τέταται διὰ τῆς ὑστέρας ἔχουσα μέγεθος.
But most of the uncloven-hoofed and double-toothed animals do not have cotyledons in their uterus, but the umbilical cord extends to one blood vessel, and this vessel is stretched through the uterus, possessing some size.
ἐπεὶ δὲ τὰ μὲν μονοτόκα τὰ δὲ πολυτόκα τῶν τοιούτων ἐστὶ ζῷων, καὶ τὰ πλείω τῶν ἐμβρύων τὸν αὐτὸν ἔχει τρόπον τῷ ἑνί.
And since some of such animals produce a single offspring and others many, the multiple embryos also have the same manner as the single one.
δεῖ δὲ ταῦτα θεωρεὶν ἔκ τε τῶν παραδειγμάτων τῶν ἐν ταῖς ἀνατομαῖς καὶ τῶν ἐν ταῖς ἱστορίαις γεγραμμένων.
And these things must be observed from the examples in the dissections and those written in the histories of animals.
πεφύκασι γὰρ τὰ ζῷα ἐκ τοῦ ὀμφαλοῦ, ὁ δ’ ὀμφαλὸς ἐκ τῆς φλεβὸς ἐφεξῆς ἀλλήλοις, ὡσπερανεὶ παρ’ ὀχετὸν τὴν φλέβα ῥέουσαν· περὶ δὲ ἕκαστον τῶν ἐμβρύων οἷ θ’ ὑμένες καὶ τὸ χόριόν ἐστιν.
For animals grow from the umbilical cord, and the umbilical cord from the blood vessel in succession to one another, just as if along a flowing canal of the blood vessel; and around each of the embryos are the membranes and the chorion.
οἱδὲ λέγοντες τρέφεσθαι τὰ παιδία ἐν ταῖς ὑστέραις διὰ τοῦ σαρκίδιόν τι βδάλλειν οὐκ ὀρθῶς λέγουσιν· ἐπί τε γὰρ τῶν ἄλλων ζῴων ταὐτὸν συνέβαινεν ἄν, νῦν δ’ οὐ φαίνεται (θεωρῆσαι γὰρ τοῦτο ῥᾴδιον διὰ τῶν ἀνατομῶν), καὶ περὶ ἅπαντα τὰ ἔμβρυα καὶ τὰ πτηνὰ καὶ τὰ πλωτὰ καὶ τὰ τῶν πεζῶν ὁμοίως λεπτοὶ περιέχουσιν ὑμένες χωρίζοντες ἀπὸ τῆς ὑστέρας καὶ τῶν ἐγγινομένων ὑγρῶν, ἐν οἷς οὔτ’ αὐτοῖς ἔνεστι τοιοῦτον οὐθέν, οὔτε διὰ τούτων οὐθενὸς ἐνδέχεται ποιεῖσθαι τὴν ἀπόλαυσιν.
And those who say that children are nourished in the uterus by sucking some small piece of flesh do not speak correctly; for this same thing would have happened in the case of the other animals, but now it is not seen to be so (for it is easy to observe this through dissections), and around all embryos, whether flying, swimming, or land animals, thin membranes likewise enclose them, separating them from the uterus and the generated fluids, in which membranes themselves nothing of the sort is present, nor is it possible through any of these to make such an absorption of nourishment.
τὰ δ’ ᾠοτοκούμενα πάντα ὅτι λαμβάνει τὴν αὔξησιν χωρισθέντα τῆς μήτρας ἔξω, φανερόν.
And that all oviparous animals receive their growth after being separated and outside the uterus is manifest.
Γίνεται δὲ ὁ συνδυασμὸς τοῖς ζῴοις κατὰ φύσιν μὲν τοῖς ὁμογενέσιν, οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς μὲν ἐγγὺς τὴν φύσιν ἔχουσιν, οὐκ ἀδιαφόροις δὲ τῷ εἴδει, ἐὰν τά τε μεγέθη παραπλήσια ᾖ καὶ οἱ χρόνοι ἴσοι ὦσι τῆς κυήσεως.
And copulation takes place in animals naturally between those of the same kind, but nevertheless also between those that have their nature close, though not identical in species, if their sizes are similar and the times of gestation are equal.
σπάνια μὲν οὖν γίνεται τὰ τοιαῦτα ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων, γίνεται δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ κυνῶν καὶ ἀλωπέκων καὶ λύκων· καὶ οἱ Ἰνδικοὶ δὲ κύνες ἐκ θηρίου τινὸς κυνώδους γεννῶνται καὶ κυνός.
Such cases are, then, rare among other animals, but they do occur among dogs, foxes, and wolves; and Indian dogs are generated from a certain dog-like wild beast and a dog.
καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ὀρνίθων δὲ τῶν ὀχευτικῶν ὦπται τοῦτο συμβαῖνον, οἷον ἐπὶ περδίκων καὶ ἀλεκτορίδων· καὶ τῶν γαμψωνύχων οἱ ἱέρακες δοκοῦσιν οἱ διαφέροντες τῷ εἴδει μίγνυσθαι πρὸς ἀλλήλους· καὶ ἐπ’ ἄλλων δέ τινων ὀρνέων ἔχει τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον.
And among birds that copulate, this has also been seen to happen, for example, between partridges and fowls; and among those with crooked talons, hawks of different species seem to mate with one another; and the same manner holds also in the case of some other birds.