§2.6#4καθάπερ οὖν τὴν αὔξησιν ὁ θύραθεν ταῦτα ποιεῖ νοῦς, οὕτως ἐν τοῖς γινομένοις αὐτοῖς ἡ φύσις ἐκ μὲν τῆς καθαρωτάτης ὕλης σάρκας καὶ τῶν ἄλλων αἰσθητηρίων τὰ σώματα συνίστησιν, ἐκ δὲ τῶν περιττωμάτων ὀστᾶ καὶ νεῦρα καὶ τρίχας, ἔτι δ᾽ ὄνυχας καὶ ὁπλὰς καὶ πάντα τὰ τοιαῦτα· διὸ τελευταῖα ταῦτα λαμβάνει τὴν σύστασιν, ὅταν ἤδη γίγνηται περίττωμα τῆς φύσεως.
Just as, then, the intellect from outside does these things with respect to growth, so in the developing things themselves nature constitutes flesh and the bodies of the other sense organs from the purest matter, and from the residues, bones and sinews and hairs, and also nails and hooves and all such things; therefore these receive their constitution last, when the residue of nature is already being produced.
ἡ μὲν οὖν τῶν ὀστῶν φύσις ἐν τῇ πρώτη συστάσει γίνεται τῶν μορίων ἐκ τῆς σπερματικῆς περιττώσεως, καὶ τῶν ζῴων αὐξανομένων ἐκ τῆς φυσικῆς τροφῆς λαμβάνει τὴν αὔξησιν, ἐξ ἥσπερ τὰ μόρια τὰ κύρια, ταύτης μέντοι αὐτῆς τὰ ὑπολείμματα καὶ τὰ περιττωματικά.
Therefore, the nature of bones comes to be in the first constitution of the parts from the spermatic residue, and as the animals grow, it receives its growth from the natural nourishment, from which indeed the sovereign parts receive theirs, however from the remnants and residue-like portions of this very nourishment.
γίνεται γὰρ ἐν παντὶ τὸ πρῶτον καὶ τὸ δεύτερον, καὶ τῆς τροφῆς τὸ μὲν θρεπτικὸν τὸ δ᾽ αὐξητικόν, θρεπτικὸν μὲν ὃ τὸ εἶναι παρέχεται τῷ τε ὅλω καὶ τοῖς μορίοις, αὐξητικὸν δὲ τὸ εἰς μέγεθος ποιοῦν. τὴν ἐπίδοσιν· περὶ ὧν ὕστερον διοριστέον μᾶλλον.
For in everything there comes to be the first and the second, and of nourishment one part is nutritive, the other growth-promoting; and the nutritive is that which provides being to the whole and to the parts, while the growth-promoting is that which causes increase in size; about which we must distinguish more clearly later.
τὸν αὐτὸν δὲ τρόπον τοῖς ὀστοῖς καὶ τὰ νεῦρα συνίσταται καὶ ἐκ τῶν αὐτῶν, ἐκ τῆς σπερματικῆς περιττώσεως καὶ τῆς θρεπτικῆς.
And in the same way as bones, sinews also are constituted and from the same things, namely from the spermatic residue and the nutritive residue.
ὄνυχες δὲ καὶ τρίχες καὶ ὁπλαὶ καὶ κέρατα καὶ ῥύγχη καὶ τὰ πλῆκτρα τῶν ὀρίθων, καὶ εἴ τι τοιοῦτον ἕτερόν ἐστι μόριον, ἐκ τῆς ἐπικτήτου τροφῆς καὶ τῆς αὐξητικῆς, ἥν τε παρὰ τοῦ θήλεος ἐπικτᾶται καὶ τῆς θύραθεν.
And nails and hairs and hooves and horns and beaks and the spurs of birds, and if there is any other such part, come to be from the acquired and growth-promoting nourishment, both that which the embryo acquires from the female and that from outside.
διὰ τοῦτο τὰ μὲν ὀστᾶ μέχρι τινὸς λαμβάνει τὴν αὔξησιν.
For this reason, bones receive growth up to a certain point.
ἔτι γάρ τι πᾶσι τοῖς ζῴοις πέρας τοῦ μεγέθους, διὸ καὶ τῆς τῶν ὀστῶν αὐξήσεως.
For there is still some limit of size for all animals, and therefore also of the growth of bones.
εἰ γὰρ ταῦτ᾽ εἴχεν αὔξησιν ἀεί, καὶ τῶν ζῴων ὅσα ἔχει ὁστοῦν τὸ ἀνάλογον, ηὐξάνετ’ ἄν ἕως ἕξη· τοῦ γὰρ μεγέθους ὅρος ἐστὶ ταῦτα τοῖς ζῴοις.
For if these had growth always, also of the animals as many as have bone or its analogue, they would grow as long as they existed; for these are the limit of size for animals.
δι’ ἣν μὲν οὖν αἰτίαν οὐκ ἀεὶ λαμβάνουσιν αὔξησιν, λεκτέον ὕστερον· τρίχες δὲ καὶ τὰ συγγενῆ τούτοις, ἕως ἂν ὑπάρχωσιν, αὐξάνονται, καὶ μᾶλλον ἐν νόσοις καὶ τῶν σωμάτων γηρασκόντων καὶ φθινόντων διὰ τὸ λείπεσθαι περίττωμα πλεῖον ἐλάττονος εἰς τὰ κύρια δαπανωμένου διὰ τὸ γῆρας καὶ τὰς νόσους, ἐπεί γ᾽ ὅταν ὑπολείπῃ καὶ τοῦτο διὰ τὴν ἡλικίαν, καὶ αἱ τρίχες ὑπολείπουσιν.
For what cause, then, they do not always receive growth, must be said later; but hairs and things akin to them grow as long as they exist, and more so in diseases and as bodies grow old and waste away, because more residue is left over since less is consumed on the sovereign parts due to old age and diseases; since, indeed, when this too fails due to age, the hairs also fail.
τὰ δ᾽ ὀστᾶ τοὐναντίον· συμφθίνει γὰρ τῷ σώματι καὶ τοῖς μέρεσιν.
But bones are the opposite; for they waste away together with the body and its parts.
αὐξάνονται δ᾽ αἱ τρίχες καὶ τεθνεώτων, οὐ μέντοι γίνονονταί γ᾽ ἐξ ὑπαρχῆς.
And hairs grow even of dead people, however they do not come to be from the beginning.
περὶ δ᾽ ὀδόντων ἀπορήσειεν ἄν τις.
Concerning teeth, one might raise a difficulty.
εἰσὶ γὰρ τὴν μὲν φύσιν τὴν αὐτὴν ἔχοντες τοῖς ὀστοῖς, καὶ γίνονται ἐκ τῶν ὀστῶν, ὄνυχες δὲ καὶ τρίχες καὶ κέρατα καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα ἐκ τοῦ δέρματος, διὸ καὶ συμμεταβάλλουσι τῷ δέρματι τὰς χρόας· λευκά τε γὰρ καὶ μέλανα γίνονται καὶ παντοδαπὰ κατὰ τὴν τοῦ δέρματος χρόαν, οἱ δ᾽ ὀδόντες οὐθέν· ἐκ γὰρ τῶν ὀστῶν εἰσίν, ὅσα τῶν ζῴων ἔχει ὀδόντας καὶ ὀστᾶ.
For they have the same nature as bones, and come to be from bones, whereas nails and hairs and horns and such things are from the skin, wherefore they also change their colors together with the skin; for they become white and black and of all kinds according to the color of the skin, but teeth do not at all; for they are from the bones, in all animals that have teeth and bones.
αὐξάνονται δὲ διὰ βίου μόνοι τῶν ἄλλων ὀστῶν· τοῦτο δὲ δῆλον ἐπὶ τῶν παρακλινόντων ὀδόντων τὴν ἀρὴν τὴν ἀλλήλων.
And they alone of the other bones grow throughout life; and this is clear in the case of teeth that diverge from their contact with one another.
αἴτιον δὲ τῆς αὐξήσεως, ὡς μὲν ἕνεκά του, διὰ τὸ ἔργον· ταχὺ γὰρ ἂν κατετρίβοντο μὴ γινομένης τινὸς ἐπιρρύσεως, ἐπεὶ καὶ νῦν ἐνίοις γηράσκουσι, τοῖς βρωτικοῖς μὲν μὴ μεγάλους δ᾽ ἔχουσι, κατατρίβονται πάμπαν· πλείονι γὰρ λόγῳ καθαιροῦνται τῆς αὐξήσεως.
And the cause of this growth, as for the sake of something, is because of their function; for they would quickly be worn away if some influx did not occur, since even as it is, in some who grow old—those that are great eaters but do not have large teeth—they are completely worn away; for they are worn down in a greater ratio than their growth.
διὸ καὶ τοῦτο εὖ μεμηχάνηται πρὸς τὸ συμβαῖνον ἡ φύσις· συνάγει γὰρ εἰς τὸ γῆρας καὶ τὴν τελευτὴν τὴν ὑπόλειψιν τῶν ὀδόντων.
Wherefore nature has well devised this also against what happens; for she brings the failing of teeth close to old age and death.
εἰ δ᾽ ἦν μυριετὴς ὁ βίος ἢ χιλιετής, παμμεγέθεις τ᾽ ἂν ἔδει γίνεσθαι τοὺς ἐξ ἀρχῆς καὶ φύεσθαι πολλάκις· καὶ γὰρ εἰ συνεχῆ τὴν αὔξησιν εἶχον, ὅμως ἂν ἄχρηστοι λεαινόμενοι πρὸς τὴν ἐργασίαν ἥσαν.
And if life were ten thousand years or a thousand years long, they would have had to be extremely large from the beginning and to grow many times; for even if they had continuous growth, nevertheless they would have been useless for their function, being worn smooth.
οὗ μὲν οὗν ἕνεκα λαμβάνουσι τὴν αὔξησιν εἴρηται· συμβαίνει δὲ μηδὲ τὴν αὐτὴν ἔχειν φύσιν τοῖς ἄλλοις ὀστοῖς τοὺς ὀδόντας.
That for the sake of which they receive growth has, then, been said; but it happens that teeth do not even have the same nature as the other bones.
τὰ μὲν γὰρ ἐν τῇ πρώτῃ συστάσει γίνεται πάντα καὶ οὐθὲν ὕστερον, οἱ δ᾽ ὀδόντες ὕστερον.
For while the others all come to be in the first constitution and none later, teeth come to be later.
διὸ καὶ πάλιν δύνανται φύεσθαι ἐκπεσόντες· ἅπτονται γάρ, ἀλλ᾽ οὐ συμπεφύκασι τοῖς ὀστοῖς.
Wherefore they can also grow again when they fall out; for they touch, but are not grown together with, the bones.
ἐκ μέντοι τῆς τροφῆς τῆς εἰς τὰ ὀστᾶ διαδιδομένης γίνονται, διὸ τὴν αὑτὴν ἔχουσι φύσιν, καὶ τότε ὅταν ἐκεῖνα ἔχη ἤδη τὸν ἀριθμὸν τὸν αὑτῶν.
However, they come to be from the nourishment distributed to the bones, wherefore they have the same nature, and at that time when those already have their own number.
τὰ μὲν οὖν ἄλλα ζῷα ἔχοντα γίνεται ὀδόντας καὶ τὸ ἀνάλογον τοῖς ὀδοῦσιν, ἐὰν μή τι γίγνηται παρὰ φύσιν, διὰ τὸ ἀπολύεσθαι τῆς γενέσεως τετελεσμένα τοῦ ἀνθρώπου μᾶλλον· ὁ δ᾽ ἄνθρωπος, ἂν μή τι συμβῇ παρὰ φύσιν, οὐκ ἔχων.
The other animals, then, come to be possessing teeth or the analogue to teeth, unless something happens contrary to nature, because they are released from generation more completed than man; but man comes to be not possessing them, unless something happens contrary to nature.
δὶ ἣν δ᾽ αἰτίαν οἱ μὲν γίνονται τῶν ὀδόντων καὶ ἐκπίπτουσιν, οἱ δ᾽ οὐκ ἐκπίπτουσιν, ὕστερον λεχθήσεται.
For what cause some of the teeth are formed and fall out, while others do not fall out, will be said later.
διότι δ’ ἐκ περιττώματός ἐστι τὰ τοιαῦτα τῶν μορίων, διὰ τοῦτ᾽ ἄνθρωπος ψιλότατόν τε κατὰ τὸ σῶμα τῶν ζῴων πάντων ἐστὶ καὶ ὄνυχας ἐλαχίστους ἔχει ὡς κατὰ μέγεθος· ἐλάχιστον γὰρ ἔχει περίττωμα γεῶδες, ἔστι δὲ περίττωμα μὲν τὸ ἄπεπτον, τὸ δὲ γεηρὸν ἐν τοῖς σώμασι πάντων ἀπεπτότατον.
And because such parts of the body are from residue, for this reason man is both the barest in body of all animals and has the smallest nails in proportion to his size; for he has the least earthy residue, and residue is what is unconcocted, and the earthy in bodies is the most unconcocted of all.