§2.7#2ἐπὶ δὲ τῶν θαλαττίων οὐθὲν ἀξιόλογον ἑώραται, δοκοῦσι δὲ μάλιστα οἱ ῥινοβάται καλούμενοι γίνεσθαι ἐκ ῥίνης καὶ βάτου συνδυαζομένων.
Among marine animals, nothing worthy of mention has been observed, though the so-called rhinobates are thought most of all to be generated from the mating of a rhine and a batos.
λέγεται δὲ καὶ τὸ περὶ τῆς Λιβύης παροιμιαζόμενον, ὡς ἀεί τι τῆς Λιβύης τρεφούσης καινόν, διὰ τὸ μίγνυσθαι καὶ τὰ μὴ ὁμόφυλα ἀλλήλοις λεχθῆναι τοῦτο· διὰ γὰρ τὴν σπάνιν τοῦ ὕδατος ἀπαντῶντα πάντα πρὸς ὀλίγους τόπους τοὺς ἔχοντας νάματα μίγνυσθαι καὶ τὰ μὴ ὁμογενῆ.
And what is said as a proverb about Libya, "that Libya is always bringing forth something new," is said to have been spoken because even animals not of the same kind mate with one another; for owing to the scarcity of water, all animals meet at a few places that have streams, and even those of different kinds mate.
τὰ μὲν οὖν ἄλλα τῶν ἐκ τοιαύτης μίξεως γινομένων συνδυαζόμενα φαίνεται πάλιν ἀλλήλοις καὶ μιγνύμενα καὶ δυνάμενα τό τε θῆλυ καὶ τὸ ἄρρεν γεννᾶν, οἱ δ’ ὀρεῖς ἄγονος μόνοι τῶν τοιούτων· οὔτε γὰρ ἐξ ἀλλήλων οὔτ’ ἄλλοις μιγνύμενοι γεννῶσιν.
Now, while the other animals generated from such mating are seen to copulate again with one another and mate and are able to generate both female and male, mules alone of such animals are sterile; for they do not generate either from one another or when mated with others.
ἔστι δὲ τὸ πρόβλημα καθόλου μέν, διὰ τίν’ αἰτίαν ἄγονον ἢ ἄρρεν ἢ θῆλύ ἐστιν· εἰσὶ γὰρ καὶ γυναῖκες καὶ ἄνδρες ἄγονοι, καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ζῴων ἐν τοῖς γένεσιν ἑκάστοις οἷον ἵπποις καὶ προβάτοις.
The problem is, in general, for what cause either male or female is sterile; for there are sterile women and men, and also among the other animals in each of their kinds, such as horses and sheep.
ἀλλὰ τοῦτο τὸ ὅλον ἄγονόν ἐστι, τὸ τῶν ἡμιόνων.
But this kind as a whole is sterile, namely that of mules.
τὰ δ’ αἴτια τῆς ἀγονίας ἐπὶ μὲν τῶν ἄλλων πλείω συμβαίνει· καὶ γὰρ ἐκ γενετῆς, ὅταν πηρωθῶσι τοὺς τόπους τοὺς πρὸς τὴν μίξιν χρησίμους, ἄγονοι γίνονται καὶ γυναῖκες καὶ ἄνδρες, ὥστε τὰς μὲν μὴ ἡβᾶν τοὺς δὲ μὴ γενειᾶν, ἀλλ’ εὐνουχίας διατελεῖν ὄντας·
The causes of sterility occur more numerously in the others; for even from birth, when they are deformed in the parts useful for mating, both women and men become sterile, so that the former do not reach puberty and the latter do not grow beards, but continue to be like eunuchs.
τοῖς δὲ προϊούσης τῆς ἡλικίας ταὐτὸν συμβαίνει πάσχειν, ὁτὲ μὲν δι’ εὐτροφίαν τῶν σωμάτων (ταῖς μὲν γὰρ πιοτέραις γινομέναις τοῖς δ’ εὐεκτικωτέροις εἰς τὸ σῶμα καταναλίσκεται τὸ περίττωμα τὸ σπερματικόν, καὶ ταῖς μὲν οὐ γίνεται καταμήνια τοῖς δὲ γονή), ὁτὲ δὲ διὰ νόσον οἱ μὲν ὑγρὸν καὶ ψυχρὸν προΐενται, ταῖς δὲ γυναιξὶν αἱ καθάρσεις φαῦλαι καὶ πλήρεις νοσηματικῶν περιττωμάτων, πολλοῖς δὲ καὶ πολλαῖς καὶ διὰ πηρώματα τοῦτο συμβαίνει τὸ πάθος περὶ τὰ μόρια καὶ τοὺς τόπους τοὺς περὶ τὴν ὁμιλίαν χρησίμους.
In others, the same thing happens to befall as age advances, sometimes owing to the high condition of their bodies (for in women who become too fat and in men who are too robust in body, the seminal residue is consumed into the body, and the former do not have menses nor the latter semen), and sometimes owing to disease, when men discharge a fluid and cold semen, and in women the purifications are bad and full of diseased residues, and in many men and women this affection also occurs because of deformities in the parts and regions useful for intercourse.
γίνεται δὲ τὰ μὲν ἰατὰ τὰ δ’ ἀνίατα τῶν τοιούτων, μάλιστα δὲ διατελοῦσιν ἄγονα κατὰ τὴν πρώτην σύστασιν τοιαῦτα γενόμενα· γίνονται γὰρ γυναῖκές τε ἀρρενωποὶ καὶ ἄνδρες θηλυκοί, καὶ ταῖς μὲν οὐ γίνεται τὰ καταμήνια, τοῖς δὲ τὸ σπέρμα λεπτὸν καὶ ψυχρόν.
Some of such cases are curable and others incurable, but those that have become so at their first constitution continue most of all to be sterile; for women become masculine and men feminine, and the former do not have menses, and the latter have thin and cold semen.
διόπερ εὐλόγως βασανίζεται ταῖς πείραις τό γε τῶν ἀνδρῶν, εἰ ἄγονον, ἐν τῷ ὕδατι· ταχὺ γὰρ διαχεῖται τὸ λεπτὸν καὶ ψυχρὸν ἐπιπολῆς, τὸ δὲ γόνιμον εἰς βυθὸν χωρεῖ· θερμὸν μὲν γὰρ τὸ πεπεμμένον ἐστί, πέπεπται δὲ τὸ συνεστηκὸς καὶ πάχος ἔχον.
Wherefore it is with good reason that the semen of men, to see if it is sterile, is tested in water; for the thin and cold semen quickly diffuses on the surface, but the fertile semen goes to the bottom; for that which is concocted is hot, and that which is compact and has thickness is concocted.
τὰς δὲ γυναῖκας βασανίζουσι τοῖς τε προσθέτοις, ἐὰν διικνῶνται αἱ ὁσμαὶ πρὸς τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ θύραζε κάτωθεν ἄνω, καὶ τοῖς ἐγχρίστοις εἰς τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς χρώμασιν, ἂν χρωματίζωσι τὸ ἐν τῷ στόματι πτύελον.
And they test women both by pessaries, to see if the odors penetrate from below upward to the breath outside, and by colors smeared on the eyes, to see if they color the spittle in the mouth.
ταῦτα γὰρ οὐ συμβαίνοντα δηλοῖ τὸ σῶμα τοὺς πόρους δι’ ὧν ἀποκρίνεται τὸ περίττωμα, συγκεχυμένους ἔχειν καὶ συμπεφυκότας ὅ τε γὰρ περὶ τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς τόπος τῶν περὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν σπερματικώτατός ἐστιν.
For if these things do not happen, it shows that the body has the passages through which the residue is secreted confused and closed up; for the region around the eyes is the most seminal of the regions about the head.
δηλοῖ δ’ ἐν μὲν ταῖς ὁμιλίαις μετασχηματιζόμενος ἐπιδήλως μόνος, καὶ τοῖς χρωμένοις πλείοσιν ἀφροδισίοις ἐνδιδόασι τὰ ὄμματα φανερῶς.
And this is clearly shown by its being the only part that conspicuously changes its shape during intercourse, and in those who indulge in too much venery the eyes visibly sink.
αἴτιον δ’ ὅτι ἡ τῆς γονῆς φύσις ὁμοίως ἔχει τῇ τοῦ ἐγκεφάλου· ὑδατώδης γάρ ἐστιν ἡ ὕλη αὐτῆς, ἡ δὲ θερμότης ἐπίκτητος.
The cause is that the nature of the semen is similar to that of the brain; for its matter is watery, and its heat is acquired.
καὶ αἱ σπερματικαὶ καθάρσεις ἀπὸ τοῦ ὑποζώμάτος εἰσιν, ἡ γὰρ ἀρχὴ τῆς φύσεως ἐντεῦθεν, ὥστε διικνεῖσθαι πρὸς τὸν θώρακα τὰς κινήσεις ἀπὸ τῶν ἄρθρων· αἱ δ’ ἐκ τοῦ θώρακος ὀσμαὶ ποιοῦσιν αἴσθησιν διὰ τῆς ἀναπνοῆς.
And the seminal purifications are from below the diaphragm, for the principle of nature is there, so that the movements from the joints reach the chest; and the odors from the chest produce sensation through respiration.