§2.6#3ἅπαντα δὲ ταῖς περιγραφαῖς διορίζεται πρότερον, ὕστερον δὲ λαμβάνει τὰ χρώματα καὶ τὰς μαλακότητας καὶ τὰς σκληρότητας, ἀτεχνῶς ὥσπερ ἂν ὑπὸ ζωγράφου τῆς φύσεως δημιουργούμενα· καὶ γὰρ οἱ γραφεῖς ὑπογράψαντες ταῖς γραμμαῖς οὕτως ἐναλείφουσι τοῖς χρώμασι τὸ ζῷον.
But all of them are defined first by their outlines, and later they receive their colors, softnesses, and hardnesses, just as if they were being crafted by a nature who is a painter; for painters too, having sketched with lines, in this way smear the animal with colors.
διὰ μὲν οὖν τὸ τὴν ἀρχὴν ἐν τῇ καρδία τῶν αἰσθήσεων εἶναι καὶ τοῦ ζῴου παντὸς αὕτη γίνεται πρῶτον· διὰ δὲ τὴν θερμότητα τὴν ταύτης, ᾗ τελευτῶσιν αἱ φλέβες ἄνω, τὸ ψυχρὸν συνίστησιν ἀντίστροφον τῇ θερμότητι τῇ περὶ τὴν καρδίαν τὸν ἐγκέφαλον.
Therefore, because the principle of the senses and of the whole animal is in the heart, this is formed first; and because of its heat, where the veins terminate above, the cold constitutes the brain, as a counterpart to the heat around the heart.
διόπερ τὰ περὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν λαμβάνει συνεχῆ τὴν γένεσιν μετὰ τὴν καρδίαν, καὶ μεγέθει τῶν ἄλλων διαφέρει· πολὺς γὰρ καὶ ὑγρὸς ἐξ ἀρχῆς ὁ ἐγκέφαλος.
Therefore the parts around the head receive continuous generation after the heart, and excel the others in size; for the brain is abundant and moist from the beginning.
ἔχει δ’ ἀπορίαν τὸ περὶ τοὺς ὀφθαλμοῦς συμβαῖνον τῶν ζῴων.
And what happens concerning the eyes of animals presents a difficulty.
μέγιστοι μὲν γὰρ ἐξ ἀρχῆς φαίνονται καὶ πεζοῖς καὶ πλωτοῖς καὶ πτηνοῖς, τελευταῖοι δὲ γίνονται τῶν μορίων· ἐν τῷ μεταξὺ γὰρ χρόνῳ συμπίπτουσιν.
For they appear largest from the beginning, in walking, swimming, and flying animals alike, but they are the last of the parts to be formed; for in the intervening time they sink.
αἴτιον δ’ ὅτι τὸ τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν αἰσθητήριον ἐστὶ μέν, ὥσπερ καὶ τὰ ἄλλα αἰσθητήρια, ἐπὶ πόρων· ἀλλὰ τὸ μὲν τῆς ἁφῆς καὶ γεύσεως εὐθύς ἐστι ἢ σῶμα ἢ τοῦ σώματός τι τῶν ζῴων, ἡ δ’ ὄσφρησις καὶ ἡ ἀκοὴ πόροι συνάπτοντες πρὸς τὸν ἀέρα τὸν θύραθεν, πλήρεις συμφύτου πνεύματος, περαίνοντες δὲ πρὸς τὰ φλέβια τὰ περὶ τὸν ἐγκέφαλον τείνοντα ἀπὸ τῆς καρδίας· ὁ δ’ ὀφθαλμὸς σῶμα μόνον ἴδιον ἔχει τῶν αἰσθητηρίων.
And the cause is that the sensory organ of the eyes, like the other sensory organs, is on passages; but while that of touch and taste is immediately either the body or some part of the body of animals, and smell and hearing are passages connecting to the outside air, full of innate breath, and terminating at the small veins stretching around the brain from the heart; but the eye alone of the sensory organs has a distinct body.
ἔστι δ’ ὑγρὸν καὶ ψυχρόν, καὶ οὐ προϋπάρχον ἐν τῷ τόπῳ, καθάπερ καὶ τὰ ἄλλα μόρια δυνάμει, ἔπειτα ἐνεργείᾳ γινόμενα ὕστερον· ἀλλ’ ἀπὸ τῆς περὶ τὸν ἐγκέφαλον ὑγρότητος ἀποκρίνεται τὸ καθαρώτατον διὰ τῶν πόρων, οἰ φαίνονται φέροντες ἀπ’ αὐτῶν πρὸς τὴν μήνιγγα τὴν περὶ τὸν ἐγκέφαλον.
And it is moist and cold, and not pre-existing in that place, as the other parts do potentially and then come to be in actuality later; but from the moisture around the brain, the purest part is secreted through the passages, which appear to lead from them to the membrane around the brain.
τούτου δὲ τεκμήριον· οὔτε γὰρ ἄλλο μόριον ὑγρὸν καὶ ψυχρόν ἐστιν ἐν τῇ κεφαλῇ παρὰ τὸν ἐγκέφαλον, τό τ’ ὄμμα ψυχρὸν καὶ ὑγρόν.
And here is a proof: for there is no other moist and cold part in the head besides the brain, and the eye is cold and moist.
ἐξ ἀνάγκης οὖν ὁ τόπος λαμβάνει μέγεθος τὸ πρῶτον, συμπίπτει δ’ ὕστερον.
Necessarily, therefore, the place receives size at first, but sinks later.
καὶ γὰρ περὶ τὸν ἐγκέφαλον συμβαίνει τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον· τὸ πρῶτον ὑγρὸς καὶ πολύς, ἀποπνέοντος δὲ καὶ πεττομένου σωματοῦταί τε μᾶλλον καὶ συμπίπτει καὶ ὁ ἐγκέφαλος (καὶ τὰ σώματα) καὶ τὸ μέγεθος τὸ τῶν ὀμμάτων.
For it happens in the same way concerning the brain too; at first it is moist and abundant, but as it evaporates and is concocted, it becomes more solid and both the brain and the size of the eyes sink.
ἐξ ἀρχῆς δὲ διὰ μὲν τὸν ἐγκέφαλον ἡ κεφαλὴ μεγίστη, διὰ δὲ τὸ ὑγρὸν τὸ ἐν τοῖς ὄμμασιν οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ μεγάλοι φαίνονται.
And from the beginning, because of the brain, the head is largest, and because of the moisture in the eyes, the eyes appear large.
τελευταῖοι δὲ λαμβάνουσι τέλος διὰ τὸ καὶ τὸν ἐγκέφαλον συνίστασθαι μόλις· ὀψὲ γὰρ παύεται τῆς ψυχρότητος καὶ τῆς ὑγρότητος, ἐπὶ πάντων μέν, μάλιστα δ’ ἐπὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων.
But they receive their completion last because the brain too is constituted with difficulty; for it ceases late from its coldness and moisture, in all indeed, but most of all in humans.
διὰ γὰρ τοῦτο καὶ τὸ βρέγμα τῶν ὀστῶν γίνεται τελευταῖον· ἤδη γὰρ γεγενημένων θύραζε τῶν ἐμβρύων μαλακόν ἐστι τοῦτο τὸ ἐστοῦν τῶν παιδίων.
For because of this, the bregma of the bones is formed last; for when the embryos have already come forth, this bone of infants is soft.
αἶτιον δὲ τοῦ μάλιστ’ επὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων τοῦτο συμβαίνειν, ὅτι τὸν ἐγκέφαλον ὑγρότατον ἔχουσι καὶ πλεῖστον τῶν ζῴων.
And the cause of this happening most of all in humans is that they have the brain moistest and largest of all animals.
τούτου δ’ αἴτιον ὅτι καὶ τὴν ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ θερμότητα καθαρωτάτην.
And the cause of this is that they also have the heat in the heart purest.
δηλοῖ δὲ τὴν εὐκρασίαν ἡ διάνοια· φρονιμώτατον γάρ ἐστι τῶν ζῴων ἄνθρωπος.
And the thought shows this good temperature; for man is the most intelligent of animals.
ἀκρατῆ δὲ καὶ τὰ παιδία μέχρι πόρρω τῆς κεφαλῆς ἐστὶ διὰ τὸ βάρος τὸ περὶ τὸν ἐγκέφαλον.
And infants are unable to control their head for a long time because of the weight around the brain.
ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ τῶν μορίων ὅσα δεῖ κινεῖν· ἡ γὰρ ἀρχὴ τῆς κινήσεως ὀψὲ κρατεῖ τῶν ἄνωθεν καὶ τελευταῖον, ὅσων ἡ κίνησις μὴ συνήρτηται πρὸς αὐτὴν ὥσπερ τῶν κώλων.
And likewise also of those parts which it is necessary to move; for the principle of movement controls those above late and last, whose movement is not connected to it as that of the limbs is.
τοιοῦτον δ’ ἐστὶ μόριον τὸ βλέφαρον.
And the eyelid is such a part.
ἐπεὶ δ’ οὐθὲν ποιεῖ περίεργον οὐδὲ μάτην ἡ φύσις, δῆλον ὡς οὐδ ὕστερον οὐδὲ πρότερον· ἔσται γὰρ τὸ γεγονὸς μάτην ἢ περίεργον.
And since nature does nothing superfluous or in vain, it is clear that it does so neither later nor earlier; for the product would be in vain or superfluous.
ὥσθ᾽ ἄμ᾽ ἀνάγκη τὰ βλέφαρα διαχωρίζεσθαι καὶ δύνασθαι κινεῖν.
So that it is necessary at the same time for the eyelids to separate and to be able to move.
ὀψὲ μὲν οὖν διὰ τὸ πλῆθος τῆς περὶ τὸν ἐγκέφαλον πέψεως τελειοῦται τὰ ὄμματα τοῖς ζῴοις, τελευταῖα δὲ διὰ τὸ σφόδρα κρατούσης τῆς κινήσεως εἶναι τὸ κινεῖν καὶ τὰ οὕτως πόρρω τῆς ἀρχῆς καὶ ἀπεψυγμένα τῶν μορίων.
Therefore, indeed, late, because of the abundance of concoction around the brain, the eyes are perfected for animals, and last because to move parts so far from the principle and cooled down belongs to a movement which is extremely dominant.
δηλοῖ δὲ τὰ βλέφαρα τοιαύτην ἔχοντα τὴν φύσιν· ἂν γὰρ καὶ ὁποσονοῦν βάρος γένηται περὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν δι᾽ ὕπνον ἢ μέθην ἢ ἄλλο τι τῶν τοιούτων, οὐ δυνάμεθα τὰ βλέφαρα αἴρειν, οὕτω βάρος αὐτῶν ἐχόντων μικρόν.
And the eyelids show that they have such a nature; for if even any weight whatever occurs around the head due to sleep or drunkenness or any other such thing, we are not able to raise our eyelids, though they have so small a weight.
περὶ μὲν οὖν ὀφθαλμῶν εἴρηται πῶς γίνονται καὶ διʼ ὅ τι, καὶ διὰ τίν᾽ αἰτίαν τελευταίαν λαμβάνουσι τὴν διάρθρωσιν· τῶν δ᾽ ἄλλων γίνεται μορίων ἕκαστον ἐκ τῆς τροφῆς, τὰ μὲν τιμιώτατα καὶ μετειληφότα τῆς κυριωτάτης ἀρχῆς ἐκ τῆς πεπεμμένης καὶ καθαρωτάτης καὶ πρώτης τροφῆς, τὰ δ᾽ ἀναγκαῖα μόρια καὶ τούτων ἕνεκεν ἐκ τῆς χείσονος καὶ τῶν ὑπολειμμάτων καὶ περιττωμάτων.
Concerning the eyes, then, it has been said how they come to be and why, and for what cause they receive their articulation last; and of the other parts, each comes to be from the nourishment, the most honorable and participating in the most authoritative principle from the concocted, purest, and first nourishment, and the necessary parts and those for the sake of these, from the inferior and residues and excrements.
ἅσπερ γὰρ οἰκονόμος ἀγαθός, καὶ ἡ φύσις. οὐθὲν ἀποβάλλειν εἴωθεν ἐξ ὧν ἔστι ποιῆσαί τι χρηστόν.
For like a good housekeeper, nature too is not accustomed to throw away anything from which it is possible to make something useful.
ἐν δὲ ταῖς οἰκονομίαις τῆς γινομένης τροφῆς ἡ μὲν βελτίστη τέτακται τοῖς ἐλευθέροις, ἡ δὲ χείρων καὶ τὸ περίττωμα ταύτης οἰκέταις, τὰ δὲ χείριστα καὶ τοῖς συντρεφομένοις διδόασι ζῴοις.
And in households, of the food produced, the best is assigned to the free people, and the inferior and the residue of this to the servants, and they give the worst even to the animals reared along with them.