§1.17τὰ μὲν γὰρ προΐεται φανερῶς σπέρμα τῶν ζῴων, οἷον ὅσα αὐτῶν ἔναιμα τὴν φύσιν ἐστί, τὰ δ᾽ ἔντομα καὶ τὰ μαλάκια ποτέρως, ἄδηλον.
For some of the animals manifestly discharge semen, such as all those of them that are by nature blooded; but as for insects and cephalopods, which of the two ways they do so is unclear.
ὥστε τοῦτο θεωρητέον, πότερον πάντα προΐεται σπέρμα τὰ ἄρρενα ἢ οὐ πάντα, καὶ εἰ μὴ πάντα, διὰ τίν᾽ αἰτίαν τὰ μὲν τὰ δ᾽ οὔ· καὶ τὰ θήλεα δὲ πότερον συμβάλλεται σπέρμα τι ἢ οὔ, καὶ εἰ μὴ σπέρμα, πότερον οὐδ᾽ ἄλλο οὐθέν, ἢ συμβάλλεται μέν τι, οὐ σπέρμα δέ.
Consequently, this must be investigated: whether all males discharge semen or not all, and if not all, for what reason some do and others do not; and further, whether the females also contribute any semen or not, and if not semen, whether they contribute nothing else at all, or whether they do contribute something, though not semen.
ἔτι δὲ καὶ τὰ προϊέμενα σπέρμα τί συμβάλλεται διὰ τοῦ σπέρματος πρὸς τὴν γένεσιν, σκεπτέον, καὶ ὅλως τίς ἐστιν ἡ τοῦ σπέρματος φύσις καὶ ἡ τῶν καλουμένων καταμηνίων, ὅσα ταύτην τὴν ὑγρότητα προΐεται τῶν ζῴων.
And further, we must consider what those that discharge semen contribute through the semen towards generation, and in general what is the nature of semen and of the so-called menses, in all those animals that discharge this fluid.
δοκεῖ δὲ πάντα γίνεσθαι ἐκ σπέρματος, τὸ δὲ σπέρμα ἐκ τῶν γεννώντων.
Now, all things seem to come into being from semen, and semen from the parents.
διὸ τοῦ αὐτοῦ λόγου ἐστί, πότερον καὶ τὸ θῆλυ καὶ τὸ ἄρρεν προΐεται ἄμφω ἢ θάτερον μόνον, καὶ πότερον ἀπὸ παντὸς ἀπέρχεται τοῦ σώματος ἢ οὐκ ἀπὸ παντός· εὔλογον γάρ, εἰ μὴ ἀπὸ παντός, μηδ᾽ ἀπ᾽ ἀμφοτέρων τῶν γεννώντων, διόπερ ἐπισκεπτέον, ἐπειδὴ φασί τινες ἀπὸ παντὸς ἀπιέναι τοῦ σώματος, περὶ τούτου πῶς ἔχει πρῶτον.
Therefore, it belongs to the same inquiry to consider whether both the female and the male discharge it or only one of them, and whether it comes from the whole of the body or not from the whole; for it is reasonable that, if it does not come from the whole body, it does not come from both parents either; wherefore, since some assert that it comes from the whole body, we must first investigate how this matter stands.
ἔστι δὲ σχεδόν, οἷς ἄν τις χρήσαιτο τεκμηρίοις ὡς ἀφ᾽ ἑκάστου τῶν μορίων ἀπιόντος τοῦ σπέρματος, τέτταρα, πρῶτον μὲν ἡ σφοδρότης τῆς ἡδονῆς· μᾶλλον γὰρ ἡδὺ πλέον ταὐτὸ γινόμενον πάθος, πλέον δὲ τὸ πᾶσι τοῖς μορίοις ἢ τὸ ἑνὶ ἢ ὀλίγοις συμβαῖνον αὐτῶν.
There are, roughly speaking, four proofs which one might use to show that the semen comes from each of the parts: first, the intensity of the pleasure; for the same experience is more pleasant when it is greater, and that which happens to all the parts is greater than that which happens to one or few of them.
ἔτι τὸ ἐκ κολοβῶν κολοβὰ γίνεσθαι· διὰ μὲν γὰρ τὸ τοῦ μορίου ἔνδεὲς εἶναι οὐ βαδίζειν σπέρμα ἐντεῦθέν φασιν, ὅθεν δ᾽ ἂν μὴ ἔλθῃ, τοῦτο συμβαίνειν μὴ γίνεσθαι, πρὸς δὲ τούτοις αἱ ὁμοιότητες πρὸς τοὺς γεννήσαντας·
Further, the fact that mutilated offspring are born from mutilated parents; for they say that because the part is lacking, semen does not travel from there, and that from wherever it does not come, it happens that this part does not form.
γίνονται γὰρ ἐοικότες, ὥσπερ καὶ ὅλον τὸ σῶμα, καὶ μόρια μορίοις·
And in addition to these, the resemblances to the parents; for offspring are born resembling them, just as in the body as a whole, so also part to part.
εἴπερ οὖν καὶ τοῦ ὅλου αἴτιον τῆς ὁμοιότητος τὸ ἀφ᾽ ὅλου ἐλθεῖν τὸ σπέρμα, καὶ τοῖς μορίοις αἴτιον ἂν εἴη τὸ ἀφ᾽ ἑκάστου τι τῶν μορίων ἐλθεῖν.
If, therefore, the cause of the resemblance of the whole is that the semen comes from the whole, so also for the parts the cause would be that something comes from each of the parts.
ἔτι δὲ καὶ εὔλογον ἂν εἶναι δόξειεν, ὥσπερ καὶ τοῦ ὅλου ἐστί τι ἐξ οὗ γίνεται πρῶτον, οὕτω καὶ τῶν μορίων ἑκάστου, ὥστ᾽ εἰ ἐκείνου σπέρμα, καὶ τῶν μορίων ἑκάστου εἴη ἄν τι σπέρμα ἴδιον, πιθανὰ δὲ καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα μαρτύρια ταύταις ταῖς δόξαις·
And furthermore, it would seem to be reasonable that, just as there is something from which the whole first comes into being, so also there is for each of the parts, so that if there is a semen of the former, there would also be some specific semen of each of the parts.
οὐ γὰρ μόνον τὰ σύμφυτα προσεοικότες γίνονται τοῖς γονεῦσιν οἱ παῖδες, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰ ἐπίκτητα·
And such evidence as the following is also persuasive for these opinions; for children are born resembling their parents not only in congenital characteristics, but also in acquired ones.
οὐλάς τε γὰρ ἐχόντων τῶν γεννησάντων ἤδη τινὲς ἔσχον ἐν τοῖς αὐτοῖς τόποις τῶν ἐκγόνων τὸν τύπον τῆς οὐλῆς, καὶ στίγμα ἔχοντος ἐν τῷ βραχίονι τοῦ πατρὸς ἐπεσήμηνεν ἐν Χαλκηδόνι τῷ τέκνῳ συγκεχυμένον μέντοι καὶ οὐ διηρθρωμένον τὸ γράμμαι ὅτι μὲν οὖν ἀπὸ παντὸς ἔρχεται τὸ σπέρμα, σχεδὸν ἐκ τούτων μάλιστα πιστεύουσι τινές.
For when parents had scars, some of their offspring have already been known to have the mark of the scar in the same places; and in Chalcedon, when a father had a brand on his arm, the letter appeared marked on his child, though indeed confused and not clearly defined. That the semen, then, comes from the whole body is what some believe, chiefly on the strength of these arguments.