§1.18#1φαίνεται δ᾽ ἐξετάζουσι τὸν λόγον τοὐναντίον μᾶλλον· τά τε γὰρ εἰρημένα λύειν οὐ χαλεπόν, καὶ πρὸς τούτοις ἄλλα συμβαίνει λέγειν ἀδύνατα.
But to those who examine the argument, the contrary rather appears to be the case; for it is not difficult to refute the arguments mentioned, and in addition to these, other impossible consequences turn out to be asserted.
πρῶτον μὲν οὖν ὅτι οὐθὲν σημεῖον ἡ ὁμοιότης τοῦ ἀπιέναι ἀπὸ παντός, ὅτι καὶ φωνὴν καὶ ὄνυχας καὶ τρίχας ὅμοιοι γίγνονται καὶ τὴν κίνησιν, ἀφ᾽ ὧν οὐθὲν ἀπέρχεται.
First of all, then, resemblance is no proof of the semen coming from the whole body, because people also become resembling in voice, nails, hair, and movement, from which nothing comes.
ἔνια δ᾽ οὐκ ἔχουσί πω ὅταν γεννῶσιν, οἷον τρίχωσιν πολιῶν ἢ γενείου.
And some characteristics they do not yet possess when they generate, such as grey hair or a beard.
ἔτι τοῖς ἄνωθεν γονεῦσιν ἐοίκασιν, ἀφ᾽ ὧν οὐθὲν ἀπῆλθεν· ἀποδιδόασι γὰρ διὰ πολλῶν γενεῶν αἱ ὁμοιότητες, οἷον καὶ ἐν Ἤλιδι ἡ τῷ Αἰθίοπι συγγενομένη· οὐ γὰρ ἡ θυγάτηρ ἐγένετο, ἀλλ᾽ ὁ ἐκ ταύτης Αἰθίοψ.
Furthermore, they resemble their ancestors from whom nothing came; for resemblances return after many generations, as in the case of the woman in Elis who had intercourse with the Ethiopian: for it was not her daughter who became an Ethiopian, but the child born from her.
καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν φυτῶν δὲ ὁ αὐτὸς λόγος· δῆλον γὰρ ὅτι καὶ τούτοις ἀπὸ πάντων ἂν τῶν μερῶν τὸ σπέρμα γίγνοιτο.
And the same argument applies to plants; for it is clear that for these also the seed would come from all the parts.
πολλὰ δὲ τὰ μὲν οὐκ ἔχει, τὰ δὲ καὶ ἀφέλοι τις ἄν, τὰ δὲ προσφύεται.
But many parts they do not have, and some one might even remove, while others grow on them.
ἔτι οὐδ᾽ ἀπὸ τῶν περικαρπίων ἀπέρχεται καίτοι καὶ ταῦτα γίνεται τὴν αὐτὴν ἔχοντα μορφήν.
Further, neither does it come from the pericarp, and yet these also come into being having the same form.
ἔτι πότερον ἀπὸ τῶν ὁμοιομερῶν μόνον ἀπέρχεται ἀφ᾽ ἑκάστου, οἷον ἀπὸ σαρκὸς καὶ ὀστοῦ καὶ νεύρου, ἢ καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν ἀνομοιομερῶν, οἷον προσώπου καὶ χειρός;
Further, does it come from each of the uniform parts only, such as flesh, bone, and sinew, or also from the non-uniform parts, such as the face and hand?
εἰ μὲν γὰρ ἀπ᾽ ἐκείνων μόνον, ἐοίκασι δὲ μᾶλλον ταῦτα τοῖς γονεῦσι τὰ ἀνομοιομερῆ, οἷον πρόσωπον καὶ χεῖρας καὶ πόδας· εἴπερ οὖν μηδὲ ταῦτα τῷ ἀπὸ παντὸς ἀπελθεῖν, τί κωλύει μηδ᾽ ἐκεῖνα τῷ ἀπὸ παντὸς ἀπελθεῖν ὅμοια εἶναι, ἀλλὰ δι᾽ ἄλλην αἰτίαν;
For if from the former only, yet the offspring resemble their parents rather in these non-uniform parts, such as the face, hands, and feet; if therefore even these do not resemble by coming from the whole, what prevents those uniform parts also from being resembling not by coming from the whole, but through some other cause?
εἰ δ᾽ ἀπὸ τῶν ἀνομοιομερῶν μόνον, οὐκ ἄρα ἀπὸ πάντων.
If from the non-uniform parts only, then it does not come from all.
προσήκει δὲ μᾶλλον ἀπ᾽ ἐκείνων· πρότερα γὰρ ἐκεῖνα, καὶ σύγκειται τὰ ἀνομοιομερῆ ἐξ ἐκείνων, καὶ ὥσπερ πρόσωπον καὶ χεῖρας γίγνονται ἐοικότες, οὕτω καὶ σάρκας καὶ ὄνυχας.
But it is more fitting that it should come from the uniform parts; for those are prior, and the non-uniform are composed of them, and just as they are born resembling in face and hands, so also in flesh and nails.
εἰ δ᾽ ἀπ᾽ ἀμφοτέρων, τίς ὁ τρόπος ἂν εἴη τῆς γενέσεως;
And if from both, what would be the manner of generation?
σύγκειται γὰρ ἐκ τῶν ὁμοιομερῶν τὰ ἀνομοιομερῆ, ὥστε τὸ ἀπὸ τούτων ἀπιέναι τὸ ἀπ᾽ ἐκείνων ἂν εἴη ἀπιέναι καὶ τῆς συνθέσεως, ὥσπερ κἂν εἰ ἀπὸ τοῦ γεγραμμένου ὀνόματος· εἰ μὲν ἀπὸ παντός, κἂν ἀπὸ τῶν συλλαβῶν ἑκάστης, εἰ δ᾽ ἀπὸ τούτων, ἀπὸ τῶν στοιχείων καὶ τῆς συνθέσεως.
For the non-uniform parts are composed of the uniform ones, so that to come from the former would be to come from the latter and from their composition, just as if it were from a written name; if from the whole, then also from each of the syllables, and if from these, from the letters and their composition.
ὥστ᾽ εἴπερ ἐκ πυρὸς καὶ τῶν τοιούτων σάρκες καὶ ὀστᾶ συνεστᾶσιν, ἀπὸ τῶν στοιχείων ἂν εἴη μᾶλλον· ἀπὸ γὰρ τῆς συνθέσεως πῶς ἐνδέχεται;
So that if flesh and bones are composed of fire and such things, it would rather come from the elements; for how is it possible to come from the composition itself?
ἀλλὰ μὴν ἄνευ γε ταύτης οὐκ ἂν εἴη ὅμοια.
And yet, without this composition they would not be resembling.
ταύτην δ᾽ εἴ τι δημιουργεῖ ὕστερον, τοῦτ᾽ ἂν εἴη τὸ τῆς ὁμοιότητος αἴτιον, ἀλλ᾽ οὐ τὸ ἀπελθεῖν ἀπὸ παντός.
And if something fashions this composition later, this would be the cause of the resemblance, and not the coming from the whole.
ἔτι εἰ μὲν διεσπασμένα τὰ μέρη ἐν τῷ σπέρματι, πῶς ζῇ;
Further, if the parts are torn apart in the semen, how do they live?
εἰ δὲ συνεχῆ, ζῷον ἂν εἴη μικρόν.
And if they are continuous, it would be a small animal.
καὶ τὰ τῶν αἰδοίων πῶς;
And what about the parts of the generative organs?
οὐ γὰρ ὅμοιον τὸ ἀπιὸν ἀπὸ τοῦ ἄρρενος καὶ τοῦ θήλεος.
For that which comes from the male and the female is not the same.
ἔτι εἰ ἀμφοτέρων ὁμοίως ἀπὸ πάντων ἀπέρχεται, δύο γίγνεται ζῷα· ἑκατέρων γὰρ ἅπαντα ἕξει.
Further, if it comes from all parts of both parents alike, two animals come into being; for each parent will have all the parts.
διὸ καὶ Ἐμπεδοκλῆς ἔοικεν, εἴπερ οὕτω λεκτέον, μάλιστα λέγειν ὁμολογούμενα τούτῳ τῷ λόγῳ, τό γε τοσοῦτον, ἀλλ᾽ εἴπερ ἑτέρᾳ πῃ, οὐ καλῶς.
Therefore, Empedocles also, if we must speak in this way, seems to say what is most consistent with this argument, at least so far as this is concerned, but if in another way, not well.
φησὶ γὰρ ἐν τῷ ἄρρενι καὶ τῷ θήλει οἷον σύμβολον ἐνεῖναι, ὅλον δ᾽ ἀπ᾽ οὐδετέρου ἀπιέναι, "ἀλλὰ διέσπασται μελέων φύσις, ἡ μὲν ἐν ἀνδρός. "διὰ τί γὰρ τὰ θήλεα οὐ γεννᾷ ἐξ αὑτῶν, εἴπερ ἀπὸ παντός τε ἀπέρχεται καὶ ἔχει ὑποδοχήν;
For he says that there is a sort of tally in the male and the female, and that the whole does not come from either, "but the nature of the limbs is torn apart, some in the man's." For why do females not generate from themselves, if indeed it comes from the whole and they have a receptacle?
ἀλλ᾽ ὡς ἔοικεν ἢ οὐκ ἀπέρχεται ἀπὸ παντός, ἢ οὕτως ὥσπερ ἐκεῖνος λέγει, οὐ ταὐτὰ ἀφ᾽ ἑκατέρου, διὸ καὶ δέονται τῆς ἀλλήλων συνουσίας.
But as it seems, either it does not come from the whole, or it is as he says, not the same things from each, wherefore they also stand in need of intercourse with one another.
ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῦτ᾽ ἀδύνατον.
But this too is impossible.
ὥσπερ γὰρ καὶ μεγάλα ὄντ᾽ ἀδύνατον διεσπασμένα σώζεσθαι καὶ ἔμψυχα εἶναι, καθάπερ Ἐμπεδοκλῆς γεννᾷ, ἐπὶ τῆς φιλότητος λέγων "ᾗ πολλαὶ μὲν κόρσαι ἀναύχενες, ἐβλάστησαν. "εἶθ᾽ οὕτως συμφύεσθαί φησιν.
For just as it is impossible for them to be preserved and to be ensouled when torn apart even when they are large, just as Empedocles generates them, saying of the time of Love, "where many neckless heads sprouted," and then says they grew together.
τοῦτο δὲ φανερὸν ὅτι ἀδύνατον· οὔτε γὰρ μὴ ψυχὴν ἔχοντα οὔτε μὴ ζωήν τινα δύναιτ᾽ ἂν σῶζεσθαι, ὅτε ὥσπερ ζῷα ὄντα πλείω συμφύεσθαι ὥστ’ εἶναι πάλιν ἕν.
And this is clearly impossible; for neither those things that do not have a soul nor those that do not have some life could be preserved, nor could they, as though they were several animals, grow together so as to be one again.
ἀλλὰ μὴν τοῦτον τὸν τρόπον συμβαίνει λέγειν τοῖς ἀπὸ παντὸς ἀπιέναι φάσκουσιν, ὥσπερ τότε ἐν τῇ γῇ ἐπὶ τῆς φιλότητος, οὕτω τούτοις ἐν τῷ σώματι.
Yet those who say that it comes from the whole body turn out to speak in this very manner; just as then on the earth in the time of Love, so for these in the body.
ἀδύνατον γὰρ συνεχῆ τὰ μόρια γίγνεσθαι, καὶ ἀπιέναι εἰς ἕνα τόπον συνιόντα.
For it is impossible for the parts to become continuous, and to go out having come together into one place.