§6.13σκεπτέον δὴ πάλιν καὶ περὶ ἀρετῆς· καὶ γὰρ ἡ ἀρετὴ παραπλησίως ἔχει ὡς ἡ φρόνησις πρὸς τὴν δεινότητα —οὐ ταὐτὸ μέν, ὅμοιον δέ—οὕτω καὶ ἡ φυσικὴ ἀρετὴ πρὸς τὴν κυρίαν.
We must indeed discuss virtue again; for the relation of virtue is very similar to that of practical wisdom to cleverness—not the same, but similar—so too is natural virtue to authoritative virtue.
πᾶσι γὰρ δοκεῖ ἕκαστα τῶν ἠθῶν ὑπάρχειν φύσει πως· καὶ γὰρ δίκαιοι καὶ σωφρονικοὶ καὶ ἀνδρεῖοι καὶ τἆλλα ἔχομεν εὐθὺς ἐκ γενετῆς·
For to all, each of the character traits seems to belong in some way by nature; for indeed we are just, temperate, brave, and the rest right from birth.
ἀλλʼ ὅμως ζητοῦμεν ἕτερόν τι τὸ κυρίως ἀγαθὸν καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα ἄλλον τρόπον ὑπάρχειν.
But yet we seek something else as that which is authoritatively good, and that such qualities should belong to us in another way.
καὶ γὰρ παισὶ καὶ θηρίοις αἱ φυσικαὶ ὑπάρχουσιν ἕξεις, ἀλλʼ ἄνευ νοῦ βλαβεραὶ φαίνονται οὖσαι.
For even to children and beasts the natural states belong, but without intellect they clearly appear to be harmful.
πλὴν τοσοῦτον ἔοικεν ὁρᾶσθαι, ὅτι ὥσπερ σώματι ἰσχυρῷ ἄνευ ὄψεως κινουμένῳ συμβαίνει σφάλλεσθαι ἰσχυρῶς διὰ τὸ μὴ ἔχειν ὄψιν, οὕτω καὶ ἐνταῦθα· ἐὰν δὲ λάβῃ νοῦν, ἐν τῷ πράττειν διαφέρει· ἡ δʼ ἕξις ὁμοία οὖσα τότʼ ἔσται κυρίως ἀρετή.
Except that so much seems to be observed, that just as it happens to a strong body moving without sight to stumble heavily because of not having sight, so it is also here; but if it acquires intellect, it makes a difference in action; and the state, though being similar, will then be authoritatively virtue.
ὥστε καθάπερ ἐπὶ τοῦ δοξαστικοῦ δύο ἐστὶν εἴδη, δεινότης καὶ φρόνησις, οὕτω καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἠθικοῦ δύο ἐστί, τὸ μὲν ἀρετὴ φυσικὴ τὸ δʼ ἡ κυρία, καὶ τούτων ἡ κυρία οὐ γίνεται ἄνευ φρονήσεως.
So that just as in the opinion-forming part there are two kinds, cleverness and practical wisdom, so too in the moral part there are two, the one being natural virtue and the other authoritative virtue, and of these the authoritative does not come to be without practical wisdom.
διόπερ τινές φασι πάσας τὰς ἀρετὰς φρονήσεις εἶναι, καὶ Σωκράτης τῇ μὲν ὀρθῶς ἐζήτει τῇ δʼ ἡμάρτανεν· ὅτι μὲν γὰρ φρονήσεις ᾤετο εἶναι πάσας τὰς ἀρετάς, ἡμάρτανεν, ὅτι δʼ οὐκ ἄνευ φρονήσεως, καλῶς ἔλεγεν.
Therefore some say that all the virtues are forms of practical wisdom, and Socrates in one way investigated correctly but in another erred; for in thinking that all the virtues were forms of practical wisdom he erred, but in saying that they are not without practical wisdom, he spoke beautifully.
σημεῖον δέ· καὶ γὰρ νῦν πάντες, ὅταν ὁρίζωνται τὴν ἀρετήν, προστιθέασι, τὴν ἕξιν εἰπόντες καὶ πρὸς ἅ ἐστι, τὴν κατὰ τὸν ὀρθὸν λόγον· ὀρθὸς δʼ ὁ κατὰ τὴν φρόνησιν.
And here is the evidence: for even now everyone, when defining virtue, after saying that it is a state and what it is related to, adds that it is 'in accordance with right reason'; and right reason is that in accordance with practical wisdom.
ἐοίκασι δὴ μαντεύεσθαί πως ἅπαντες ὅτι ἡ τοιαύτη ἕξις ἀρετή ἐστιν, ἡ κατὰ τὴν φρόνησιν.
So indeed everyone seems to divine in some way that such a state is virtue, namely that which is in accordance with practical wisdom.
δεῖ δὲ μικρὸν μεταβῆναι.
But we must make a small change.
ἔστι γὰρ οὐ μόνον ἡ κατὰ τὸν ὀρθὸν λόγον, ἀλλʼ ἡ μετὰ τοῦ ὀρθοῦ λόγου ἕξις ἀρετή ἐστιν· ὀρθὸς δὲ λόγος περὶ τῶν τοιούτων ἡ φρόνησίς ἐστιν.
For virtue is not only the state in accordance with right reason, but the state accompanied by right reason; and right reason about such matters is practical wisdom.
Σωκράτης μὲν οὖν λόγους τὰς ἀρετὰς ᾤετο εἶναι (ἐπιστήμας γὰρ εἶναι πάσας), ἡμεῖς δὲ μετὰ λόγου.
Socrates indeed thought that the virtues were reasons (for he thought they were all sciences), but we say they are accompanied by reason.
δῆλον οὖν ἐκ τῶν εἰρημένων ὅτι οὐχ οἷόν τε ἀγαθὸν εἶναι κυρίως ἄνευ φρονήσεως, οὐδὲ φρόνιμον ἄνευ τῆς ἠθικῆς ἀρετῆς.
It is clear, then, from what has been said, that it is not possible to be authoritatively good without practical wisdom, nor to be practically wise without moral virtue.
ἀλλὰ καὶ ὁ λόγος ταύτῃ λύοιτʼ ἄν, ᾧ διαλεχθείη τις ἂν ὅτι χωρίζονται ἀλλήλων αἱ ἀρεταί· οὐ γὰρ ὁ αὐτὸς εὐφυέστατος πρὸς ἁπάσας, ὥστε τὴν μὲν ἤδη τὴν δʼ οὔπω εἰληφὼς ἔσται· τοῦτο γὰρ κατὰ μὲν τὰς φυσικὰς ἀρετὰς ἐνδέχεται, καθʼ ἃς δὲ ἁπλῶς λέγεται ἀγαθός, οὐκ ἐνδέχεται· ἅμα γὰρ τῇ φρονήσει μιᾷ ὑπαρχούσῃ πᾶσαι ὑπάρξουσιν.
But also, by this way, the argument would be resolved by which one might argue that the virtues are separated from one another; for the same person is not most naturally gifted for all of them, so that he will have already acquired one but not yet another; for this is indeed possible in the case of natural virtues, but in the case of those according to which one is called good without qualification, it is not possible; for along with the single practical wisdom being present, they will all be present.
δῆλον δέ, κἂν εἰ μὴ πρακτικὴ ἦν, ὅτι ἔδει ἂν αὐτῆς διὰ τὸ τοῦ μορίου ἀρετὴν εἶναι, καὶ ὅτι οὐκ ἔσται ἡ προαίρεσις ὀρθὴ ἄνευ φρονήσεως οὐδʼ ἄνευ ἀρετῆς· ἣ μὲν γὰρ τὸ τέλος ἣ δὲ τὰ πρὸς τὸ τέλος ποιεῖ πράττειν.
And it is clear that even if it were not practical, there would be need of it because of its being the virtue of the part [of the soul], and that choice will not be correct without practical wisdom nor without virtue; for the latter makes us act for the end, and the former for the things toward the end.
ἀλλὰ μὴν οὐδὲ κυρία γʼ ἐστὶ τῆς σοφίας οὐδὲ τοῦ βελτίονος μορίου, ὥσπερ οὐδὲ τῆς ὑγιείας ἡ ἰατρική· οὐ γὰρ χρῆται αὐτῇ, ἀλλʼ ὁρᾷ ὅπως γένηται· ἐκείνης οὖν ἕνεκα ἐπιτάττει, ἀλλʼ οὐκ ἐκείνῃ.
But surely it is not authoritative over wisdom nor over the better part of the soul, just as medicine is not over health; for it does not employ it, but sees how it may come to be; it commands, then, for the sake of that, but not to that.
ἔτι ὅμοιον κἂν εἴ τις τὴν πολιτικὴν φαίη ἄρχειν τῶν θεῶν, ὅτι ἐπιτάττει περὶ πάντα τὰ ἐν τῇ πόλει.
Moreover, it would be similar if one were to say that political science rules the gods, because it issues commands about everything in the city.