§6.12διαπορήσειε δʼ ἄν τις περὶ αὐτῶν τί χρήσιμοί εἰσιν.
One might be perplexed about them as to what they are useful for.
ἡ μὲν γὰρ σοφία οὐδὲν θεωρήσει ἐξ ὧν ἔσται εὐδαίμων ἄνθρωπος (οὐδεμιᾶς γάρ ἐστι γενέσεως), ἡ δὲ φρόνησις τοῦτο μὲν ἔχει, ἀλλὰ τίνος ἕνεκα δεῖ αὐτῆς;
For wisdom will contemplate nothing from which a human being will be happy (for it is of no coming-to-be), whereas practical wisdom has this, but for what sake does one need it?
εἴπερ ἡ μὲν φρόνησίς ἐστιν ἡ περὶ τὰ δίκαια καὶ καλὰ καὶ ἀγαθὰ ἀνθρώπῳ, ταῦτα δʼ ἐστὶν ἃ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ ἐστὶν ἀνδρὸς πράττειν, οὐδὲν δὲ πρακτικώτεροι τῷ εἰδέναι αὐτά ἐσμεν, εἴπερ ἕξεις αἱ ἀρεταί εἰσιν, ὥσπερ οὐδὲ τὰ ὑγιεινὰ οὐδὲ τὰ εὐεκτικά, ὅσα μὴ τῷ ποιεῖν ἀλλὰ τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς ἕξεως εἶναι λέγεται· οὐθὲν γὰρ πρακτικώτεροι τῷ ἔχειν τὴν ἰατρικὴν καὶ γυμναστικήν ἐσμεν.
If indeed practical wisdom is that which is about just, fine, and good things for a human being, and these are what it is for a good man to do, but we are no more capable of doing them by knowing them, if indeed the virtues are states, just as is the case with healthy things or those conducive to good condition—all those that are so called not by producing but by being from the state; for we are no more capable of doing them by having medicine and gymnastics.
εἰ δὲ μὴ τούτων χάριν φρόνιμον ῥητέον ἀλλὰ τοῦ γίνεσθαι, τοῖς οὖσι σπουδαίοις οὐθὲν ἂν εἴη χρήσιμος· ἔτι δʼ οὐδὲ τοῖς μὴ ἔχουσιν· οὐδὲν γὰρ διοίσει αὐτοὺς ἔχειν ἢ ἄλλοις ἔχουσι πείθεσθαι, ἱκανῶς τʼ ἔχοι ἂν ἡμῖν ὥσπερ καὶ περὶ τὴν ὑγίειαν· βουλόμενοι γὰρ ὑγιαίνειν ὅμως οὐ μανθάνομεν ἰατρικήν.
And if we must say one is practically wise not for the sake of these but for the sake of becoming so, it would be of no use to those who are already excellent; and further, not even to those who do not possess it; for it will make no difference whether they have it themselves or obey others who have it, and it would be sufficient for us, just as is the case with health; for though we wish to be healthy, we nevertheless do not learn medicine.
πρὸς δὲ τούτοις ἄτοπον ἂν εἶναι δόξειεν, εἰ χείρων τῆς σοφίας οὖσα κυριωτέρα αὐτῆς ἔσται· ἡ γὰρ ποιοῦσα ἄρχει καὶ ἐπιτάττει περὶ ἕκαστον.
Besides these, it would seem strange if, being inferior to wisdom, it is to be superior to it; for that which produces rules and prescribes about each thing.
περὶ δὴ τούτων λεκτέον· νῦν μὲν γὰρ ἠπόρηται περὶ αὐτῶν μόνον.
Concerning these, then, we must speak; for now we have only raised perplexities about them.
πρῶτον μὲν οὖν λέγωμεν ὅτι καθʼ αὑτὰς ἀναγκαῖον αἱρετὰς αὐτὰς εἶναι, ἀρετάς γʼ οὔσας ἑκατέραν ἑκατέρου τοῦ μορίου, καὶ εἰ μὴ ποιοῦσι μηδὲν μηδετέρα αὐτῶν.
First, then, let us say that they are necessarily choice-worthy in themselves, being as they are virtues, each of each of the two parts of the soul, even if neither of them produces anything.
ἔπειτα καὶ ποιοῦσι μέν, οὐχ ὡς ἡ ἰατρικὴ δὲ ὑγίειαν, ἀλλʼ ὡς ἡ ὑγίεια, οὕτως ἡ σοφία εὐδαιμονίαν· μέρος γὰρ οὖσα τῆς ὅλης ἀρετῆς τῷ ἔχεσθαι ποιεῖ καὶ †τῷ ἐνεργεῖν εὐδαίμονα.
Secondly, they do indeed produce something, not as medicine produces health, but as health produces health, so wisdom produces happiness; for being a part of whole virtue, by being possessed and by active exercise it makes a person happy.
† ἔτι τὸ ἔργον ἀποτελεῖται κατὰ τὴν φρόνησιν καὶ τὴν ἠθικὴν ἀρετήν· ἡ μὲν γὰρ ἀρετὴ τὸν σκοπὸν ποιεῖ ὀρθόν, ἡ δὲ φρόνησις τὰ πρὸς τοῦτον.
Furthermore, the human function is completed in accordance with practical wisdom and moral virtue; for virtue makes the end correct, and practical wisdom makes the things toward this correct.
τοῦ δὲ τετάρτου μορίου τῆς ψυχῆς οὐκ ἔστιν ἀρετὴ τοιαύτη, τοῦ θρεπτικοῦ· οὐδὲν γὰρ ἐπʼ αὐτῷ πράττειν ἢ μὴ πράττειν.
But of the fourth part of the soul, the nutritive, there is no such virtue; for it is not in its power to do or not to do anything.
περὶ δὲ τοῦ μηθὲν εἶναι πρακτικωτέρους διὰ τὴν φρόνησιν τῶν καλῶν καὶ δικαίων, μικρὸν ἄνωθεν ἀρκτέον, λαβόντας ἀρχὴν ταύτην.
Regarding the point that we are no more capable of doing fine and just things because of practical wisdom, we must begin a little further back, taking this as our starting point.
ὥσπερ γὰρ καὶ τὰ δίκαια λέγομεν πράττοντάς τινας οὔπω δικαίους εἶναι, οἷον τοὺς τὰ ὑπὸ τῶν νόμων τεταγμένα ποιοῦντας ἢ ἄκοντας ἢ διʼ ἄγνοιαν ἢ διʼ ἕτερόν τι καὶ μὴ διʼ αὐτά (καίτοι πράττουσί γε ἃ δεῖ καὶ ὅσα χρὴ τὸν σπουδαῖον), οὕτως, ὡς ἔοικεν, ἔστι τὸ πῶς ἔχοντα πράττειν ἕκαστα ὥστʼ εἶναι ἀγαθόν, λέγω δʼ οἷον διὰ προαίρεσιν καὶ αὐτῶν ἕνεκα τῶν πραττομένων.
For just as we say that some who do just things are not yet just, such as those who do what is ordained by the laws either unwillingly or through ignorance or for some other reason and not for the sake of the things themselves (although they do what they ought and all that the excellent man should do), so, it seems, there is a way of doing each thing while being in a certain state so as to be good—I mean, for instance, through decision and for the sake of the very things done.
τὴν μὲν οὖν προαίρεσιν ὀρθὴν ποιεῖ ἡ ἀρετή, τὸ δʼ ὅσα ἐκείνης ἕνεκα πέφυκε πράττεσθαι οὐκ ἔστι τῆς ἀρετῆς ἀλλʼ ἑτέρας δυνάμεως.
Now, virtue makes the decision correct, but all that is naturally done for the sake of that decision is not the province of virtue, but of another faculty.
λεκτέον δʼ ἐπιστήσασι σαφέστερον περὶ αὐτῶν.
We must speak more clearly about them after pausing to consider.
ἔστι δὴ δύναμις ἣν καλοῦσι δεινότητα· αὕτη δʼ ἐστὶ τοιαύτη ὥστε τὰ πρὸς τὸν ὑποτεθέντα σκοπὸν συντείνοντα δύνασθαι ταῦτα πράττειν καὶ τυγχάνειν αὐτοῦ.
There is indeed a faculty which people call cleverness; and this is of such a kind as to be able to do those things that tend toward the proposed end and to attain it.
ἂν μὲν οὖν ὁ σκοπὸς ᾖ καλός, ἐπαινετή ἐστιν, ἐὰν δὲ φαῦλος, πανουργία· διὸ καὶ τοὺς φρονίμους δεινοὺς καὶ πανούργους φαμὲν εἶναι.
If, then, the end is fine, the faculty is praiseworthy, but if it is base, it is unscrupulousness; hence we say that both practically wise people are clever and unscrupulous.
ἔστι δʼ ἡ φρόνησις οὐχ ἡ δύναμις, ἀλλʼ οὐκ ἄνευ τῆς δυνάμεως ταύτης.
And practical wisdom is not that faculty, but it is not without this faculty.
ἡ δʼ ἕξις τῷ ὄμματι τούτῳ γίνεται τῆς ψυχῆς οὐκ ἄνευ ἀρετῆς, ὡς εἴρηταί τε καὶ ἔστι δῆλον·
And the state comes to be in this eye of the soul, not without virtue, as has been said and is clear.
οἱ γὰρ συλλογισμοὶ τῶν πρακτῶν ἀρχὴν ἔχοντές εἰσιν, ἐπειδὴ τοιόνδε τὸ τέλος καὶ τὸ ἄριστον, ὁτιδήποτε ὄν (ἔστω γὰρ λόγου χάριν τὸ τυχόν)· τοῦτο δʼ εἰ μὴ τῷ ἀγαθῷ, οὐ φαίνεται· διαστρέφει γὰρ ἡ μοχθηρία καὶ διαψεύδεσθαι ποιεῖ περὶ τὰς πρακτικὰς ἀρχάς.
For syllogisms of action have a starting point, "since the end and the best is such-and-such, whatever it may be" (let it be, for the sake of argument, any chance thing); but this does not appear except to the good man; for wickedness distorts and makes one deceived about the practical starting points.
ὥστε φανερὸν ὅτι ἀδύνατον φρόνιμον εἶναι μὴ ὄντα ἀγαθόν.
So it is manifest that it is impossible to be practically wise without being good.