§6.10ἔστι δὲ καὶ ἡ σύνεσις καὶ ἡ εὐσυνεσία, καθʼ ἃς λέγομεν συνετοὺς καὶ εὐσυνέτους, οὔθʼ ὅλως τὸ αὐτὸ ἐπιστήμῃ ἢ δόξῃ (πάντες γὰρ ἂν ἦσαν συνετοί) οὔτε τις μία τῶν κατὰ μέρος ἐπιστημῶν, οἷον ἡ ἰατρικὴ περὶ ὑγιεινῶν, ἡ γεωμετρία περὶ μεγέθη·
Understanding and good understanding, by virtue of which we call people understanding and having good understanding, are neither entirely the same as scientific knowledge or opinion (for then everyone would be understanding) nor any one of the specific sciences, such as medicine concerning healthy things, or geometry concerning magnitudes.
οὔτε γὰρ περὶ τῶν ἀεὶ ὄντων καὶ ἀκινήτων ἡ σύνεσίς ἐστιν οὔτε περὶ τῶν γιγνομένων ὁτουοῦν, ἀλλὰ περὶ ὧν ἀπορήσειεν ἄν τις καὶ βουλεύσαιτο.
For understanding is neither about things that always are and are unchangeable, nor about any of the things that come to be, but rather about those things concerning which one might be perplexed and deliberate.
διὸ περὶ τὰ αὐτὰ μὲν τῇ φρονήσει ἐστίν, οὐκ ἔστι δὲ τὸ αὐτὸ σύνεσις καὶ φρόνησις.
Therefore, though it is about the same things as practical wisdom, understanding and practical wisdom are not the same.
ἡ μὲν γὰρ φρόνησις ἐπιτακτική ἐστιν· τί γὰρ δεῖ πράττειν ἢ μή, τὸ τέλος αὐτῆς ἐστίν· ἡ δὲ σύνεσις κριτικὴ μόνον.
For practical wisdom is prescriptive—for its end is what one ought to do or not to do—whereas understanding is only critical.
ταὐτὸ γὰρ σύνεσις καὶ εὐσυνεσία καὶ συνετοὶ καὶ εὐσύνετοι.
For understanding and good understanding, and understanding people and people of good understanding, are the same.
ἔστι δʼ οὔτε τὸ ἔχειν τὴν φρόνησιν οὔτε τὸ λαμβάνειν ἡ σύνεσις· ἀλλʼ ὥσπερ τὸ μανθάνειν λέγεται συνιέναι, ὅταν χρῆται τῇ ἐπιστήμῃ, οὕτως ἐν τῷ χρῆσθαι τῇ δόξῃ ἐπὶ τὸ κρίνειν περὶ τούτων περὶ ὧν ἡ φρόνησίς ἐστιν, ἄλλου λέγοντος, καὶ κρίνειν καλῶς· τὸ γὰρ εὖ τῷ καλῶς τὸ αὐτό.
And understanding is neither the possessing of practical wisdom nor the acquiring of it; but just as learning is called understanding when one makes use of scientific knowledge, so in making use of opinion for the purpose of judging about those things with which practical wisdom is concerned, when someone else speaks, and judging well—for 'well' is the same as 'finely'.
καὶ ἐντεῦθεν ἐλήλυθε τοὔνομα ἡ σύνεσις, καθʼ ἣν εὐσύνετοι, ἐκ τῆς ἐν τῷ μανθάνειν· λέγομεν γὰρ τὸ μανθάνειν συνιέναι πολλάκις.
And from this has come the name 'understanding', by virtue of which people have good understanding, from the use of the term in learning; for we often call learning 'understanding'.
§6.11ἡ δὲ καλουμένη γνώμη, καθʼ ἣν συγγνώμονας καὶ ἔχειν φαμὲν γνώμην, ἡ τοῦ ἐπιεικοῦς ἐστὶ κρίσις ὀρθή.
What is called judgment, by virtue of which we say people are sympathetic and have judgment, is the correct judging of the equitable man.
σημεῖον δέ· τὸν γὰρ ἐπιεικῆ μάλιστά φαμεν εἶναι συγγνωμονικόν, καὶ ἐπιεικὲς τὸ ἔχειν περὶ ἔνια συγγνώμην.
This is indicated by the fact that we say the equitable man is especially sympathetic, and that to have sympathy about certain things is equitable.
ἡ δὲ συγγνώμη γνώμη ἐστὶ κριτικὴ τοῦ ἐπιεικοῦς ὀρθή· ὀρθὴ δʼ ἡ τοῦ ἀληθοῦς.
And sympathy is correct critical judgment of what is equitable; and correct is that which is of the truth.
εἰσὶ δὲ πᾶσαι αἱ ἕξεις εὐλόγως εἰς ταὐτὸ τείνουσαι· λέγομεν γὰρ γνώμην καὶ σύνεσιν καὶ φρόνησιν καὶ νοῦν ἐπὶ τοὺς αὐτοὺς ἐπιφέροντες γνώμην ἔχειν καὶ νοῦν ἤδη καὶ φρονίμους καὶ συνετούς.
And all these states reasonably tend toward the same point; for we speak of judgment, understanding, practical wisdom, and intellect, attributing to the same people that they already have judgment and intellect, and are practically wise and understanding.
πᾶσαι γὰρ αἱ δυνάμεις αὗται τῶν ἐσχάτων εἰσὶ καὶ τῶν καθʼ ἕκαστον· καὶ ἐν μὲν τῷ κριτικὸς εἶναι περὶ ὧν ὁ φρόνιμος, συνετὸς καὶ εὐγνώμων ἢ συγγνώμων·
For all these faculties are of the extremes and of particulars; and in being critical about the things with which the practically wise man is concerned, one is understanding and of good judgment or sympathetic.
τὰ γὰρ ἐπιεικῆ κοινὰ τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἁπάντων ἐστὶν ἐν τῷ πρὸς ἄλλον.
For equitable things are common to all good things in relation to another.
ἔστι δὲ τῶν καθʼ ἕκαστα καὶ τῶν ἐσχάτων ἅπαντα τὰ πρακτά· καὶ γὰρ τὸν φρόνιμον δεῖ γινώσκειν αὐτά, καὶ ἡ σύνεσις καὶ ἡ γνώμη περὶ τὰ πρακτά, ταῦτα δʼ ἔσχατα.
And all actionable things are of particulars and extremes; for indeed the practically wise man must know them, and both understanding and judgment are about actionable things, and these are extremes.
καὶ ὁ νοῦς τῶν ἐσχάτων ἐπʼ ἀμφότερα· καὶ γὰρ τῶν πρώτων ὅρων καὶ τῶν ἐσχάτων νοῦς ἐστὶ καὶ οὐ λόγος, καὶ ὁ μὲν κατὰ τὰς ἀποδείξεις τῶν ἀκινήτων ὅρων καὶ πρώτων, ὁ δʼ ἐν ταῖς πρακτικαῖς τοῦ ἐσχάτου καὶ ἐνδεχομένου καὶ τῆς ἑτέρας προτάσεως·
And intellect is of the extremes in both directions; for both the first terms and the last are of intellect and not of a rational account; and while the intellect in demonstrations is of the unchangeable and first terms, the intellect in practical matters is of the extreme, the contingent, and the minor premise.
ἀρχαὶ γὰρ τοῦ οὗ ἕνεκα αὗται· ἐκ τῶν καθʼ ἕκαστα γὰρ τὰ καθόλου·
For these particulars are the starting points of that for the sake of which; for from particulars come universals.
τούτων οὖν ἔχειν δεῖ αἴσθησιν, αὕτη δʼ ἐστὶ νοῦς.
Of these, therefore, one must have perception, and this perception is intellect.
διὸ καὶ φυσικὰ δοκεῖ εἶναι ταῦτα, καὶ φύσει σοφὸς μὲν οὐδείς, γνώμην δʼ ἔχειν καὶ σύνεσιν καὶ νοῦν.
Hence these are also thought to be natural, and though no one is wise by nature, people are thought to have judgment, understanding, and intellect by nature.
σημεῖον δʼ ὅτι καὶ ταῖς ἡλικίαις οἰόμεθα ἀκολουθεῖν, καὶ ἥδε ἡ ἡλικία νοῦν ἔχει καὶ γνώμην, ὡς τῆς φύσεως αἰτίας οὔσης.
This is indicated by our thinking that they accompany ages, and that this particular age has intellect and judgment, as if nature were the cause.
ὥστε δεῖ προσέχειν τῶν ἐμπείρων καὶ πρεσβυτέρων ἢ φρονίμων ταῖς ἀναποδείκτοις φάσεσι καὶ δόξαις οὐχ ἧττον τῶν ἀποδείξεων· διὰ γὰρ τὸ ἔχειν ἐκ τῆς ἐμπειρίας ὄμμα ὁρῶσιν ὀρθῶς.
Therefore we ought to attend to the undemonstrated assertions and opinions of experienced and older people or of the practically wise, no less than to demonstrations; for because they have an eye from experience, they see correctly.
τί μὲν οὖν ἐστὶν ἡ φρόνησις καὶ ἡ σοφία, καὶ περὶ τί ἑκατέρα τυγχάνει οὖσα, καὶ ὅτι ἄλλου τῆς ψυχῆς μορίου ἀρετὴ ἑκατέρα, εἴρηται.
What, then, practical wisdom and wisdom are, and about what each happens to be, and that each is the virtue of a different part of the soul, has been said.