§3.10μετὰ δὲ ταύτην περὶ σωφροσύνης λέγωμεν· δοκοῦσι γὰρ τῶν ἀλόγων μερῶν αὗται εἶναι αἱ ἀρεταί.
After this let us speak of temperance; for these virtues seem to belong to the irrational parts.
ὅτι μὲν οὖν μεσότης ἐστὶ περὶ ἡδονὰς ἡ σωφροσύνη, εἴρηται ἡμῖν· ἧττον γὰρ καὶ οὐχ ὁμοίως ἐστὶ περὶ τὰς λύπας· ἐν τοῖς αὐτοῖς δὲ καὶ ἡ ἀκολασία φαίνεται.
That temperance is a mean concerned with pleasures, then, has been said by us; for it is less concerned, and not in the same way, with pains; and in the same things licentiousness also appears.
περὶ ποίας οὖν τῶν ἡδονῶν, νῦν ἀφορίσωμεν.
With what kind of pleasures, then, let us now define.
διῃρήσθωσαν δὴ αἱ ψυχικαὶ καὶ αἱ σωματικαί, οἷον φιλοτιμία φιλομάθεια· ἑκάτερος γὰρ τούτων χαίρει, οὗ φιλητικός ἐστιν, οὐδὲν πάσχοντος τοῦ σώματος, ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον τῆς διανοίας· οἱ δὲ περὶ τὰς τοιαύτας ἡδονὰς οὔτε σώφρονες οὔτε ἀκόλαστοι λέγονται.
Let a distinction be made indeed between those of the soul and those of the body, such as ambition and love of learning; for each of these rejoices in that of which he is fond, while the body is not affected at all, but rather the mind; but those who are concerned with such pleasures are called neither temperate nor licentious.
ὁμοίως δʼ οὐδʼ οἱ περὶ τὰς ἄλλας ὅσαι μὴ σωματικαί εἰσιν· τοὺς γὰρ φιλομύθους καὶ διηγητικοὺς καὶ περὶ τῶν τυχόντων κατατρίβοντας τὰς ἡμέρας ἀδολέσχας, ἀκολάστους δʼ οὐ λέγομεν, οὐδὲ τοὺς λυπουμένους ἐπὶ χρήμασιν ἢ φίλοις.
Similarly, neither are those concerned with the other pleasures that are not bodily; for those who love stories and are fond of telling them, and spend their days on chance occurrences, we call babblers, but we do not call them licentious, nor those who grieve over money or friends.
περὶ δὲ τὰς σωματικὰς εἴη ἂν ἡ σωφροσύνη, οὐ πάσας δὲ οὐδὲ ταύτας· οἱ γὰρ χαίροντες τοῖς διὰ τῆς ὄψεως, οἷον χρώμασι καὶ σχήμασι καὶ γραφῇ, οὔτε σώφρονες οὔτε ἀκόλαστοι λέγονται· καίτοι δόξειεν ἂν εἶναι καὶ ὡς δεῖ χαίρειν καὶ τούτοις, καὶ καθʼ ὑπερβολὴν καὶ ἔλλειψιν.
But temperance would be concerned with bodily pleasures, yet not all of these either; for those who rejoice in things seen through sight, such as colors, shapes, and painting, are called neither temperate nor licentious; and yet it would seem possible to rejoice in these also both as one ought, and to excess and deficiency.
ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ ἐν τοῖς περὶ τὴν ἀκοήν· τοὺς γὰρ ὑπερβεβλημένως χαίροντας μέλεσιν ἢ ὑποκρίσει οὐθεὶς ἀκολάστους λέγει, οὐδὲ τοὺς ὡς δεῖ σώφρονας.
Similarly also in things concerning hearing; for no one calls those who rejoice excessively in songs or acting licentious, nor those who do so as they ought temperate.
οὐδὲ τοὺς περὶ τὴν ὀσμήν, πλὴν κατὰ συμβεβηκός· τοὺς γὰρ χαίροντας μήλων ἢ ῥόδων ἢ θυμιαμάτων ὀσμαῖς οὐ λέγομεν ἀκολάστους, ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον τοὺς μύρων ἢ ὄψων· χαίρουσι γὰρ τούτοις οἱ ἀκόλαστοι, ὅτι διὰ τούτων ἀνάμνησις γίνεται αὐτοῖς τῶν ἐπιθυμημάτων.
Nor those concerned with smell, except by accident; for we do not call those who rejoice in the smells of apples or roses or incense licentious, but rather those who rejoice in perfumes or dishes; for in these the licentious rejoice because through them a recollection of their desires occurs to them.
ἴδοι δʼ ἄν τις καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους, ὅταν πεινῶσι, χαίροντας ταῖς τῶν βρωμάτων ὀσμαῖς· τὸ δὲ τοιούτοις χαίρειν ἀκολάστου· τούτῳ γὰρ ἐπιθυμήματα ταῦτα.
And one might see even others, when they are hungry, rejoicing in the smells of foods; but to rejoice in such things is characteristic of a licentious person; for to him these are the objects of desire.
οὐκ ἔστι δὲ οὐδʼ ἐν τοῖς ἄλλοις ζῴοις κατὰ ταύτας τὰς αἰσθήσεις ἡδονὴ πλὴν κατὰ συμβεβηκός.
Nor is there in other animals pleasure according to these senses except by accident.
οὐδὲ γὰρ ταῖς ὀσμαῖς τῶν λαγωῶν αἱ κύνες χαίρουσιν ἀλλὰ τῇ βρώσει, τὴν δʼ αἴσθησιν ἡ ὀσμὴ ἐποίησεν· οὐδʼ ὁ λέων τῇ φωνῇ τοῦ βοὸς ἀλλὰ τῇ ἐδωδῇ· ὅτι δʼ ἐγγύς ἐστι, διὰ τῆς φωνῆς ᾔσθετο, καὶ χαίρειν δὴ ταύτῃ φαίνεται· ὁμοίως δʼ οὐδʼ ἰδὼν
"ἢ ἔλαφον ἢ ἄγριον αἶγα,"
ἀλλʼ ὅτι βορὰν ἕξει.
For dogs do not rejoice in the scent of hares but in the eating, though the scent produced the sensation; nor does the lion rejoice in the voice of the ox but in the eating; but that the ox is near he perceived through the voice, and so he appears to rejoice in this; similarly neither on seeing "a hind or a wild goat," but because he will have food.
περὶ τὰς τοιαύτας δʼ ἡδονὰς ἡ σωφροσύνη καὶ ἡ ἀκολασία ἐστὶν ὧν καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ ζῷα κοινωνεῖ, ὅθεν ἀνδραποδώδεις καὶ θηριώδεις φαίνονται· αὗται δʼ εἰσὶν ἁφὴ καὶ γεῦσις.
And temperance and licentiousness are concerned with such pleasures as the other animals also share in, which is why they appear slavish and brutish; and these are touch and taste.
φαίνονται δὲ καὶ τῇ γεύσει ἐπὶ μικρὸν ἢ οὐθὲν χρῆσθαι· τῆς γὰρ γεύσεώς ἐστιν ἡ κρίσις τῶν χυμῶν, ὅπερ ποιοῦσιν οἱ τοὺς οἴνους δοκιμάζοντες καὶ τὰ ὄψα ἀρτύοντες· οὐ πάνυ δὲ χαίρουσι τούτοις, ἢ οὐχ οἵ γε ἀκόλαστοι, ἀλλὰ τῇ ἀπολαύσει, ἣ γίνεται πᾶσα διʼ ἁφῆς καὶ ἐν σιτίοις καὶ ἐν ποτοῖς καὶ τοῖς ἀφροδισίοις λεγομένοις.
But they appear to make little or no use of taste; for the function of taste is the judging of flavors, which is what those who test wines and season dishes do; but they do not very much rejoice in these, or at least the licentious do not, but in the enjoyment, which occurs entirely through touch both in food and in drink and in what are called sexual matters.
διὸ καὶ ηὔξατό τις ὀψοφάγος ὢν τὸν φάρυγγα αὑτῷ μακρότερον γεράνου γενέσθαι, ὡς ἡδόμενος τῇ ἁφῇ.
Therefore a certain glutton wished that his throat might become longer than a crane's, as rejoicing in the touch.
κοινοτάτη δὴ τῶν αἰσθήσεων καθʼ ἣν ἡ ἀκολασία· καὶ δόξειεν ἂν δικαίως ἐπονείδιστος εἶναι, ὅτι οὐχ ᾗ ἄνθρωποί ἐσμεν ὑπάρχει, ἀλλʼ ᾗ ζῷα.
Thus the sense through which licentiousness occurs is the most common; and it would seem justly to be a matter of reproach, because it belongs to us not in so far as we are human, but in so far as we are animals.
τὸ δὴ τοιούτοις χαίρειν καὶ μάλιστα ἀγαπᾶν θηριῶδες.
To rejoice in such things, then, and to love them most of all is brutish.
καὶ γὰρ αἱ ἐλευθεριώταται τῶν διὰ τῆς ἁφῆς ἡδονῶν ἀφῄρηνται, οἷον αἱ ἐν τοῖς γυμνασίοις διὰ τρίψεως καὶ τῆς θερμασίας γινόμεναι· οὐ γὰρ περὶ πᾶν τὸ σῶμα ἡ τοῦ ἀκολάστου ἁφή, ἀλλὰ περί τινα μέρη.
For even the most liberal of the pleasures through touch are excluded, such as those produced in gymnasia through rubbing and heat; for the touch of the licentious person is not concerned with the whole body, but with certain parts.