§2.9ὅτι μὲν οὖν ἐστὶν ἡ ἀρετὴ ἡ ἠθικὴ μεσότης, καὶ πῶς, καὶ ὅτι μεσότης δύο κακιῶν, τῆς μὲν καθʼ ὑπερβολὴν τῆς δὲ κατʼ ἔλλειψιν, καὶ ὅτι τοιαύτη ἐστὶ διὰ τὸ στοχαστικὴ τοῦ μέσου εἶναι τοῦ ἐν τοῖς πάθεσι καὶ ἐν ταῖς πράξεσιν, ἱκανῶς εἴρηται.
Thus, that moral virtue is a mean, and in what way, and that it is a mean between two vices, one of excess and one of deficiency, and that it is such because it aims at the intermediate in passions and actions, has been sufficiently said.
διὸ καὶ ἔργον ἐστὶ σπουδαῖον εἶναι.
Therefore, it is also a difficult task to be good.
ἐν ἑκάστῳ γὰρ τὸ μέσον λαβεῖν ἔργον, οἷον κύκλου τὸ μέσον οὐ παντὸς ἀλλὰ τοῦ εἰδότος·
For in each case, to find the mean is a difficult task, just as finding the center of a circle is not for everyone but for the one who knows.
οὕτω δὲ καὶ τὸ μὲν ὀργισθῆναι παντὸς καὶ ῥᾴδιον, καὶ τὸ δοῦναι ἀργύριον καὶ δαπανῆσαι· τὸ δʼ ᾧ καὶ ὅσον καὶ ὅτε καὶ οὗ ἕνεκα καὶ ὥς, οὐκέτι παντὸς οὐδὲ ῥᾴδιον·
In the same way, to get angry is easy and in anyone's power, as is giving money and spending it; but to do this to whom, and to what extent, and when, and for what purpose, and how, is no longer in everyone's power nor is it easy.
διόπερ τὸ εὖ καὶ σπάνιον καὶ ἐπαινετὸν καὶ καλόν.
Wherefore doing this well is rare, praiseworthy, and beautiful.
διὸ δεῖ τὸν στοχαζόμενον τοῦ μέσου πρῶτον μὲν ἀποχωρεῖν τοῦ μᾶλλον ἐναντίου, καθάπερ καὶ ἡ Καλυψὼ παραινεῖ
"
τούτου μὲν καπνοῦ καὶ κύματος ἐκτὸς ἔεργε
νῆα.
Therefore, he who aims at the mean must first depart from the more contrary extreme, just as Calypso also advises: "Keep the ship well away from this smoke and surf.
"
τῶν γὰρ ἄκρων τὸ μέν ἐστιν ἁμαρτωλότερον τὸ δʼ ἧττον·
"For of the extremes, one is more erroneous and the other less so.
ἐπεὶ οὖν τοῦ μέσου τυχεῖν ἄκρως χαλεπόν, κατὰ τὸν δεύτερον, φασί, πλοῦν τὰ ἐλάχιστα ληπτέον τῶν κακῶν· τοῦτο δʼ ἔσται μάλιστα τοῦτον τὸν τρόπον ὃν λέγομεν.
Since, then, to hit the mean is extremely difficult, we must, as they say, take the "second voyage" and choose the least of the evils; and this will be achieved most of all in the way we are describing.
σκοπεῖν δὲ δεῖ πρὸς ἃ καὶ αὐτοὶ εὐκατάφοροί ἐσμεν· ἄλλοι γὰρ πρὸς ἄλλα πεφύκαμεν·
We must also observe the things to which we ourselves are easily carried away; for different people are by nature inclined toward different things.
τοῦτο δʼ ἔσται γνώριμον ἐκ τῆς ἡδονῆς καὶ τῆς λύπης τῆς γινομένης περὶ ἡμᾶς.
And this will become recognizable from the pleasure and pain that arise in us.
εἰς τοὐναντίον δʼ ἑαυτοὺς ἀφέλκειν δεῖ· πολὺ γὰρ ἀπάγοντες τοῦ ἁμαρτάνειν εἰς τὸ μέσον ἥξομεν, ὅπερ οἱ τὰ διεστραμμένα τῶν ξύλων ὀρθοῦντες ποιοῦσιν.
But we must drag ourselves away in the opposite direction; for by pulling ourselves far away from error, we shall arrive at the mean, just as those do who straighten warped pieces of wood.
ἐν παντὶ δὲ μάλιστα φυλακτέον τὸ ἡδὺ καὶ τὴν ἡδονήν· οὐ γὰρ ἀδέκαστοι κρίνομεν αὐτήν.
In everything, however, we must especially guard against the pleasant and pleasure; for we do not judge it impartially.
ὅπερ οὖν οἱ δημογέροντες ἔπαθον πρὸς τὴν Ἑλένην, τοῦτο δεῖ παθεῖν καὶ ἡμᾶς πρὸς τὴν ἡδονήν, καὶ ἐν πᾶσι τὴν ἐκείνων ἐπιλέγειν φωνήν· οὕτω γὰρ αὐτὴν ἀποπεμπόμενοι ἧττον ἁμαρτησόμεθα.
Therefore, what the elders of the people felt toward Helen, we too must feel toward pleasure, and in all cases repeat their words; for by dismissing it in this way, we shall err less.
ταῦτʼ οὖν ποιοῦντες, ὡς ἐν κεφαλαίῳ εἰπεῖν, μάλιστα δυνησόμεθα τοῦ μέσου τυγχάνειν.
By doing these things, then, to speak in summary, we shall be best able to hit the mean.
χαλεπὸν δʼ ἴσως τοῦτο, καὶ μάλιστʼ ἐν τοῖς καθʼ ἕκαστον· οὐ γὰρ ῥᾴδιον διορίσαι καὶ πῶς καὶ τίσι καὶ ἐπὶ ποίοις καὶ πόσον χρόνον ὀργιστέον· καὶ γὰρ ἡμεῖς ὁτὲ μὲν τοὺς ἐλλείποντας ἐπαινοῦμεν καὶ πράους φαμέν, ὁτὲ δὲ τοὺς χαλεπαίνοντας ἀνδρώδεις ἀποκαλοῦντες.
But this is perhaps difficult, especially in particular cases; for it is not easy to define how, and with whom, and on what grounds, and for how long a time one ought to be angry; for we too sometimes praise those who fall short and call them gentle, and sometimes we call those who get angry manly.
ἀλλʼ ὁ μὲν μικρὸν τοῦ εὖ παρεκβαίνων οὐ ψέγεται, οὔτʼ ἐπὶ τὸ μᾶλλον οὔτʼ ἐπὶ τὸ ἧττον, ὁ δὲ πλέον· οὗτος γὰρ οὐ λανθάνει.
But he who deviates only a little from the right course is not blamed, whether he inclines toward the more or toward the less, but he who deviates more; for he does not escape notice.
ὁ δὲ μέχρι τίνος καὶ ἐπὶ πόσον ψεκτὸς οὐ ῥᾴδιον τῷ λόγῳ ἀφορίσαι· οὐδὲ γὰρ ἄλλο οὐδὲν τῶν αἰσθητῶν· τὰ δὲ τοιαῦτα ἐν τοῖς καθʼ ἕκαστα, καὶ ἐν τῇ αἰσθήσει ἡ κρίσις.
But to what point and to what extent he is blameworthy is not easy to define by reason; for neither is any other of the things of perception; such matters lie among particulars, and the judgment lies in perception.
τὸ μὲν ἄρα τοσοῦτο δηλοῖ ὅτι ἡ μέση ἕξις ἐν πᾶσιν ἐπαινετή, ἀποκλίνειν δὲ δεῖ ὁτὲ μὲν ἐπὶ τὴν ὑπερβολὴν ὁτὲ δʼ ἐπὶ τὴν ἔλλειψιν· οὕτω γὰρ ῥᾷστα τοῦ μέσου καὶ τοῦ εὖ τευξόμεθα.
This much, then, makes clear that the intermediate state is in all cases praiseworthy, but that we must sometimes incline toward the excess and sometimes toward the deficiency; for in this way we shall most easily hit the mean and the right course.