§2.3σημεῖον δὲ δεῖ ποιεῖσθαι τῶν ἕξεων τὴν ἐπιγινομένην ἡδονὴν ἢ λύπην τοῖς ἔργοις· ὁ μὲν γὰρ ἀπεχόμενος τῶν σωματικῶν ἡδονῶν καὶ αὐτῷ τούτῳ χαίρων σώφρων, ὁ δʼ ἀχθόμενος ἀκόλαστος, καὶ ὁ μὲν ὑπομένων τὰ δεινὰ καὶ χαίρων ἢ μὴ λυπούμενός γε ἀνδρεῖος, ὁ δὲ λυπούμενος δειλός.
And one must make the pleasure or pain that supervenes upon actions a sign of the states; for he who abstains from bodily pleasures and rejoices in this very thing is temperate, while he who is vexed is self-indulgent; and he who endures terrifying things and rejoices, or at least is not pained, is brave, while he who is pained is cowardly.
περὶ ἡδονὰς γὰρ καὶ λύπας ἐστὶν ἡ ἠθικὴ ἀρετή· διὰ μὲν γὰρ τὴν ἡδονὴν τὰ φαῦλα πράττομεν, διὰ δὲ τὴν λύπην τῶν καλῶν ἀπεχόμεθα.
For moral virtue is concerned with pleasures and pains; for on account of pleasure we perform base actions, and on account of pain we abstain from noble ones.
διὸ δεῖ ἦχθαί πως εὐθὺς ἐκ νέων, ὡς ὁ Πλάτων φησίν, ὥστε χαίρειν τε καὶ λυπεῖσθαι οἷς δεῖ· ἡ γὰρ ὀρθὴ παιδεία αὕτη ἐστίν.
Therefore, we must have been led in some way immediately from youth, as Plato says, so as to rejoice and be pained by the things we ought; for this is the right education.
ἔτι δʼ εἰ αἱ ἀρεταί εἰσι περὶ πράξεις καὶ πάθη, παντὶ δὲ πάθει καὶ πάσῃ πράξει ἕπεται ἡδονὴ καὶ λύπη, καὶ διὰ τοῦτʼ ἂν εἴη ἡ ἀρετὴ περὶ ἡδονὰς καὶ λύπας.
Moreover, if virtues are concerned with actions and passions, and every passion and every action is followed by pleasure and pain, for this reason also virtue would be concerned with pleasures and pains.
μηνύουσι δὲ καὶ αἱ κολάσεις γινόμεναι διὰ τούτων· ἰατρεῖαι γάρ τινές εἰσιν, αἱ δὲ ἰατρεῖαι διὰ τῶν ἐναντίων πεφύκασι γίνεσθαι.
This is also indicated by punishments being inflicted through these; for they are certain cures, and cures are by nature effected by contraries.
ἔτι, ὡς καὶ πρῴην εἴπομεν, πᾶσα ψυχῆς ἕξις, ὑφʼ οἵων πέφυκε γίνεσθαι χείρων καὶ βελτίων, πρὸς ταῦτα καὶ περὶ ταῦτα τὴν φύσιν ἔχει· διʼ ἡδονὰς δὲ καὶ λύπας φαῦλοι γίνονται, τῷ διώκειν ταύτας καὶ φεύγειν, ἢ ἃς μὴ δεῖ ἢ ὅτε οὐ δεῖ ἢ ὡς οὐ δεῖ ἢ ὁσαχῶς ἄλλως ὑπὸ τοῦ λόγου διορίζεται τὰ τοιαῦτα.
Moreover, as we said recently, every state of the soul has its nature in relation to and concerned with those very things by which it is by nature made worse and better; and it is on account of pleasures and pains that people become base, by pursuing and avoiding these, either those which they ought not, or when they ought not, or as they ought not, or in however many other ways such things are distinguished by reason.
διὸ καὶ ὁρίζονται τὰς ἀρετὰς ἀπαθείας τινὰς καὶ ἠρεμίας· οὐκ εὖ δέ, ὅτι ἁπλῶς λέγουσιν, ἀλλʼ οὐχ ὡς δεῖ καὶ ὡς οὐ δεῖ καὶ ὅτε, καὶ ὅσα ἄλλα προστίθεται.
Therefore people even define the virtues as certain states of impassibility and calmness; but they do not do so well, because they speak absolutely, and not 'as one ought' and 'as one ought not' and 'when', and whatever other things are added.
ὑπόκειται ἄρα ἡ ἀρετὴ εἶναι ἡ τοιαύτη περὶ ἡδονὰς καὶ λύπας τῶν βελτίστων πρακτική, ἡ δὲ κακία τοὐναντίον.
It is assumed, then, that virtue of this kind is productive of the best things concerning pleasures and pains, and vice is the contrary.
γένοιτο δʼ ἂν ἡμῖν καὶ ἐκ τούτων φανερὸν ὅτι περὶ τῶν αὐτῶν.
And it would become manifest to us also from the following things that they are concerned with the same things.
τριῶν γὰρ ὄντων τῶν εἰς τὰς αἱρέσεις καὶ τριῶν τῶν εἰς τὰς φυγάς, καλοῦ συμφέροντος ἡδέος, καὶ τῶν ἐναντίων, αἰσχροῦ βλαβεροῦ λυπηροῦ, περὶ ταῦτα μὲν πάντα ὁ ἀγαθὸς κατορθωτικός ἐστιν ὁ δὲ κακὸς ἁμαρτητικός, μάλιστα δὲ περὶ τὴν ἡδονήν· κοινή τε γὰρ αὕτη τοῖς ζῴοις, καὶ πᾶσι τοῖς ὑπὸ τὴν αἵρεσιν παρακολουθεῖ· καὶ γὰρ τὸ καλὸν καὶ τὸ συμφέρον ἡδὺ φαίνεται.
For since there are three things for choice and three for avoidance—the noble, the advantageous, the pleasant, and their contraries, the shameful, the harmful, the painful—concerning all these the good man is apt to go right and the bad man to go wrong, but especially concerning pleasure; for this is common to animals, and it accompanies all things under choice; for even the noble and the advantageous appear pleasant.
ἔτι δʼ ἐκ νηπίου πᾶσιν ἡμῖν συντέθραπται· διὸ χαλεπὸν ἀποτρίψασθαι τοῦτο τὸ πάθος ἐγκεχρωσμένον τῷ βίῳ.
And furthermore, it has grown up with all of us from infancy; therefore it is difficult to rub off this passion which is colored into our life.
κανονίζομεν δὲ καὶ τὰς πράξεις, οἳ μὲν μᾶλλον οἳ δʼ ἧττον, ἡδονῇ καὶ λύπῃ.
And we regulate our actions also, some of us more and some less, by pleasure and pain.
διὰ τοῦτʼ οὖν ἀναγκαῖον εἶναι περὶ ταῦτα τὴν πᾶσαν πραγματείαν· οὐ γὰρ μικρὸν εἰς τὰς πράξεις εὖ ἢ κακῶς χαίρειν καὶ λυπεῖσθαι.
For this reason, then, it is necessary that our whole study be concerned with these; for to rejoice and be pained well or badly is of no small importance for actions.
ἔτι δὲ χαλεπώτερον ἡδονῇ μάχεσθαι ἢ θυμῷ, καθάπερ φησὶν Ἡράκλειτος, περὶ δὲ τὸ χαλεπώτερον ἀεὶ καὶ τέχνη γίνεται καὶ ἀρετή· καὶ γὰρ τὸ εὖ βέλτιον ἐν τούτῳ.
And furthermore, it is harder to fight against pleasure than against anger, as Heraclitus says, and both art and virtue are always concerned with what is harder; for indeed the 'well' is better in this.
ὥστε καὶ διὰ τοῦτο περὶ ἡδονὰς καὶ λύπας πᾶσα ἡ πραγματεία καὶ τῇ ἀρετῇ καὶ τῇ πολιτικῇ· ὁ μὲν γὰρ εὖ τούτοις χρώμενος ἀγαθὸς ἔσται, ὁ δὲ κακῶς κακός.
So that also for this reason the whole study, both for virtue and for political science, is concerned with pleasures and pains; for he who uses these well will be good, and he who uses them badly will be bad.
ὅτι μὲν οὖν ἐστὶν ἡ ἀρετὴ περὶ ἡδονὰς καὶ λύπας, καὶ ὅτι ἐξ ὧν γίνεται, ὑπὸ τούτων καὶ αὔξεται καὶ φθείρεται μὴ ὡσαύτως γινομένων, καὶ ὅτι ἐξ ὧν ἐγένετο, περὶ ταῦτα καὶ ἐνεργεῖ, εἰρήσθω.
Let it have been said, then, that virtue is concerned with pleasures and pains, and that by the things from which it is produced, it is also increased and destroyed when they are not done in the same way, and that it also acts in those very things from which it was produced.