§2.2ἐπεὶ οὖν ἡ παροῦσα πραγματεία οὐ θεωρίας ἕνεκά ἐστιν ὥσπερ αἱ ἄλλαι (οὐ γὰρ ἵνα εἰδῶμεν τί ἐστιν ἡ ἀρετὴ σκεπτόμεθα, ἀλλʼ ἵνʼ ἀγαθοὶ γενώμεθα, ἐπεὶ οὐδὲν ἂν ἦν ὄφελος αὐτῆς), ἀναγκαῖον ἐπισκέψασθαι τὰ περὶ τὰς πράξεις, πῶς πρακτέον αὐτάς· αὗται γάρ εἰσι κύριαι καὶ τοῦ ποιὰς γενέσθαι τὰς ἕξεις, καθάπερ εἰρήκαμεν.
Since, then, the present treatise is not for the sake of contemplation like the others—for we are not inquiring in order to know what virtue is, but in order that we may become good, since there would otherwise be no benefit in it—it is necessary to examine the matters concerning actions, how we ought to perform them; for these are decisive also for what quality our states come to be, just as we have said.
τὸ μὲν οὖν κατὰ τὸν ὀρθὸν λόγον πράττειν κοινὸν καὶ ὑποκείσθω—ῥηθήσεται δʼ ὕστερον περὶ αὐτοῦ, καὶ τί ἐστιν ὁ ὀρθὸς λόγος, καὶ πῶς ἔχει πρὸς τὰς ἄλλας ἀρετάς.
Now, acting in accordance with right reason is a common principle and let it be assumed—but it will be spoken of later, both what right reason is and how it is related to the other virtues.
ἐκεῖνο δὲ προδιομολογείσθω, ὅτι πᾶς ὁ περὶ τῶν πρακτῶν λόγος τύπῳ καὶ οὐκ ἀκριβῶς ὀφείλει λέγεσθαι, ὥσπερ καὶ κατʼ ἀρχὰς εἴπομεν ὅτι κατὰ τὴν ὕλην οἱ λόγοι ἀπαιτητέοι· τὰ δʼ ἐν ταῖς πράξεσι καὶ τὰ συμφέροντα οὐδὲν ἑστηκὸς ἔχει, ὥσπερ οὐδὲ τὰ ὑγιεινά.
But let this be agreed upon beforehand, that every account concerning matters of action ought to be stated in outline and not precisely, just as we also said at the beginning that accounts are to be demanded in accordance with their subject matter; and the matters in actions and what is advantageous have nothing fixed, just as what is healthy has not either.
τοιούτου δʼ ὄντος τοῦ καθόλου λόγου, ἔτι μᾶλλον ὁ περὶ τῶν καθʼ ἕκαστα λόγος οὐκ ἔχει τἀκριβές· οὔτε γὰρ ὑπὸ τέχνην οὔθʼ ὑπὸ παραγγελίαν οὐδεμίαν πίπτει, δεῖ δʼ αὐτοὺς ἀεὶ τοὺς πράττοντας τὰ πρὸς τὸν καιρὸν σκοπεῖν, ὥσπερ καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς ἰατρικῆς ἔχει καὶ τῆς κυβερνητικῆς.
Since the general account is of such a character, still more does the account concerning particular cases lack precision; for it falls neither under any art nor under any precept, but those who act must always themselves consider what is appropriate to the occasion, just as is also the case in medicine and navigation.
ἀλλὰ καίπερ ὄντος τοιούτου τοῦ παρόντος λόγου πειρατέον βοηθεῖν.
But, although the present account is of such a nature, we must try to render assistance.
πρῶτον οὖν τοῦτο θεωρητέον, ὅτι τὰ τοιαῦτα πέφυκεν ὑπʼ ἐνδείας καὶ ὑπερβολῆς φθείρεσθαι, (δεῖ γὰρ ὑπὲρ τῶν ἀφανῶν τοῖς φανεροῖς μαρτυρίοις χρῆσθαι) ὥσπερ ἐπὶ τῆς ἰσχύος καὶ τῆς ὑγιείας ὁρῶμεν· τά τε γὰρ ὑπερβάλλοντα γυμνάσια καὶ τὰ ἐλλείποντα φθείρει τὴν ἰσχύν, ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ τὰ ποτὰ καὶ τὰ σιτία πλείω καὶ ἐλάττω γινόμενα φθείρει τὴν ὑγίειαν, τὰ δὲ σύμμετρα καὶ ποιεῖ καὶ αὔξει καὶ σῴζει.
First, then, this must be observed, that such things are by nature destroyed by deficiency and excess (for one must use visible witnesses concerning invisible things), just as we see in the case of strength and health; for both excessive exercises and deficient ones destroy strength, and likewise also drink and food when they become too much or too little destroy health, but proportionate amounts both produce and increase and preserve it.
οὕτως οὖν καὶ ἐπὶ σωφροσύνης καὶ ἀνδρείας ἔχει καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἀρετῶν.
So indeed is it also in the case of temperance and bravery and the other virtues.
ὅ τε γὰρ πάντα φεύγων καὶ φοβούμενος καὶ μηδὲν ὑπομένων δειλὸς γίνεται, ὅ τε μηδὲν ὅλως φοβούμενος ἀλλὰ πρὸς πάντα βαδίζων θρασύς· ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ ὁ μὲν πάσης ἡδονῆς ἀπολαύων καὶ μηδεμιᾶς ἀπεχόμενος ἀκόλαστος, ὁ δὲ πᾶσαν φεύγων, ὥσπερ οἱ ἄγροικοι, ἀναίσθητός τις· φθείρεται δὴ σωφροσύνη καὶ ἡ ἀνδρεία ὑπὸ τῆς ὑπερβολῆς καὶ τῆς ἐλλείψεως, ὑπὸ δὲ τῆς μεσότητος σῴζεται.
For he who flees and fears everything and endures nothing becomes cowardly, and he who fears nothing at all but goes to meet everything becomes rash; likewise also he who enjoys every pleasure and abstains from none becomes self-indulgent, while he who flees every pleasure, like boorish people, becomes a sort of insensible person; thus temperance and bravery are destroyed by excess and deficiency, but preserved by the mean.
ἀλλʼ οὐ μόνον αἱ γενέσεις καὶ αὐξήσεις καὶ αἱ φθοραὶ ἐκ τῶν αὐτῶν καὶ ὑπὸ τῶν αὐτῶν γίνονται, ἀλλὰ καὶ αἱ ἐνέργειαι ἐν τοῖς αὐτοῖς ἔσονται· καὶ γὰρ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων τῶν φανερωτέρων οὕτως ἔχει, οἷον ἐπὶ τῆς ἰσχύος· γίνεται γὰρ ἐκ τοῦ πολλὴν τροφὴν λαμβάνειν καὶ πολλοὺς πόνους ὑπομένειν, καὶ μάλιστα ἂν δύναιτʼ αὐτὰ ποιεῖν ὁ ἰσχυρός.
But not only are their generations and increases and destructions produced from the same things and by the same things, but their activities also will be in the same things; for this is also so in the case of the other more visible things, for example in the case of strength; for it is produced from taking much nourishment and enduring many labors, and the strong man would be most able to do these very things.
οὕτω δʼ ἔχει καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἀρετῶν· ἔκ τε γὰρ τοῦ ἀπέχεσθαι τῶν ἡδονῶν γινόμεθα σώφρονες, καὶ γενόμενοι μάλιστα δυνάμεθα ἀπέχεσθαι αὐτῶν· ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς ἀνδρείας· ἐθιζόμενοι γὰρ καταφρονεῖν τῶν φοβερῶν καὶ ὑπομένειν αὐτὰ γινόμεθα ἀνδρεῖοι, καὶ γενόμενοι μάλιστα δυνησόμεθα ὑπομένειν τὰ φοβερά.
So indeed it is also in the case of the virtues; for by abstaining from pleasures we become temperate, and having become so, we are most able to abstain from them; likewise also in the case of bravery; for by being habituated to despise terrifying things and to endure them we become brave, and having become so, we shall be most able to endure terrifying things.