§1.11τὰς δὲ τῶν ἀπογόνων τύχας καὶ τῶν φίλων ἁπάντων τὸ μὲν μηδοτιοῦν συμβάλλεσθαι λίαν ἄφιλον φαίνεται καὶ ταῖς δόξαις ἐναντίον·
The idea that the fortunes of descendants and of all friends contribute nothing at all seems excessively unfriendly and contrary to common beliefs.
πολλῶν δὲ καὶ παντοίας ἐχόντων διαφορὰς τῶν συμβαινόντων, καὶ τῶν μὲν μᾶλλον συνικνουμένων τῶν δʼ ἧττον, καθʼ ἕκαστον μὲν διαιρεῖν μακρὸν καὶ ἀπέραντον φαίνεται, καθόλου δὲ λεχθὲν καὶ τύπῳ τάχʼ ἂν ἱκανῶς ἔχοι.
But since what happens is numerous and exhibits all kinds of differences, some affecting them more and others less, to distinguish them individually seems long and endless; but a general and outline statement would perhaps be sufficient.
εἰ δή, καθάπερ καὶ τῶν περὶ αὑτὸν ἀτυχημάτων τὰ μὲν ἔχει τι βρῖθος καὶ ῥοπὴν πρὸς τὸν βίον τὰ δʼ ἐλαφροτέροις ἔοικεν, οὕτω καὶ τὰ περὶ τοὺς φίλους ὁμοίως ἅπαντας, διαφέρει δὲ τῶν παθῶν ἕκαστον περὶ ζῶντας ἢ τελευτήσαντας συμβαίνειν πολὺ μᾶλλον ἢ τὰ παράνομα καὶ δεινὰ προϋπάρχειν ἐν ταῖς τραγῳδίαις ἢ πράττεσθαι, συλλογιστέον δὴ καὶ ταύτην τὴν διαφοράν, μᾶλλον δʼ ἴσως τὸ διαπορεῖσθαι περὶ τοὺς κεκμηκότας εἴ τινος ἀγαθοῦ κοινωνοῦσιν ἢ τῶν ἀντικειμένων.
If then, just as among the misfortunes concerning oneself, some have a certain weight and influence on life while others seem lighter, so too it is with those concerning all one's friends in like manner; and if it makes a much greater difference that each of these experiences happens to the living or to the dead, than that the lawless and terrible deeds in tragedies are presupposed or enacted on stage, then we must take this difference also into account, or rather, perhaps, the puzzle concerning the deceased, whether they share in any good or its opposite.
ἔοικε γὰρ ἐκ τούτων εἰ καὶ διικνεῖται πρὸς αὐτοὺς ὁτιοῦν, εἴτʼ ἀγαθὸν εἴτε τοὐναντίον, ἀφαυρόν τι καὶ μικρὸν ἢ ἁπλῶς ἢ ἐκείνοις εἶναι, εἰ δὲ μή, τοσοῦτόν γε καὶ τοιοῦτον ὥστε μὴ ποιεῖν εὐδαίμονας τοὺς μὴ ὄντας μηδὲ τοὺς ὄντας ἀφαιρεῖσθαι τὸ μακάριον.
For it seems from these considerations that even if anything at all reaches them, whether good or its opposite, it is something faint and small, either absolutely or to them; or if not, at least of such a size and kind as not to make happy those who are not, nor to rob those who are of their blessedness.
συμβάλλεσθαι μὲν οὖν τι φαίνονται τοῖς κεκμηκόσιν αἱ εὐπραξίαι τῶν φίλων, ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ αἱ δυσπραξίαι, τοιαῦτα δὲ καὶ τηλικαῦτα ὥστε μήτε τοὺς εὐδαίμονας μὴ εὐδαίμονας ποιεῖν μήτʼ ἄλλο τῶν τοιούτων μηδέν.
Therefore, the well-being of friends does seem to contribute something to the deceased, and similarly their ill-being, but of such a nature and degree as neither to make the happy unhappy, nor to cause any other such effect.
§1.12διωρισμένων δὲ τούτων ἐπισκεψώμεθα περὶ τῆς εὐδαιμονίας πότερα τῶν ἐπαινετῶν ἐστὶν ἢ μᾶλλον τῶν τιμίων· δῆλον γὰρ ὅτι τῶν γε δυνάμεων οὐκ ἔστιν.
These matters having been defined, let us consider whether happiness is one of the things to be praised or rather one of the things to be honored; for it is clear that it is not, at least, one of the capacities.
φαίνεται δὴ πᾶν τὸ ἐπαινετὸν τῷ ποιόν τι εἶναι καὶ πρός τι πῶς ἔχειν ἐπαινεῖσθαι·
Now, everything praised seems to be praised for being of a certain character and for standing in a certain relation to something.
τὸν γὰρ δίκαιον καὶ τὸν ἀνδρεῖον καὶ ὅλως τὸν ἀγαθόν τε καὶ τὴν ἀρετὴν ἐπαινοῦμεν διὰ τὰς πράξεις καὶ τὰ ἔργα, καὶ τὸν ἰσχυρὸν δὲ καὶ τὸν δρομικὸν καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἕκαστον τῷ ποιόν τινα πεφυκέναι καὶ ἔχειν πως πρὸς ἀγαθόν τι καὶ σπουδαῖον.
For we praise the just and the courageous person, and generally the good person and virtue itself, because of their actions and works; and we praise the strong person and the runner and each of the others for being naturally of a certain kind and for standing in a certain relation to something good and serious.
δῆλον δὲ τοῦτο καὶ ἐκ τῶν περὶ τοὺς θεοὺς ἐπαίνων· γελοῖοι γὰρ φαίνονται πρὸς ἡμᾶς ἀναφερόμενοι, τοῦτο δὲ συμβαίνει διὰ τὸ γίνεσθαι τοὺς ἐπαίνους διʼ ἀναφορᾶς, ὥσπερ εἴπομεν.
This is clear also from praises concerning the gods; for they appear ridiculous when referred to us, and this happens because praise occurs through reference, as we said.
εἰ δʼ ἐστὶν ὁ ἔπαινος τῶν τοιούτων, δῆλον ὅτι τῶν ἀρίστων οὐκ ἔστιν ἔπαινος, ἀλλὰ μεῖζόν τι καὶ βέλτιον, καθάπερ καὶ φαίνεται· τούς τε γὰρ θεοὺς μακαρίζομεν καὶ εὐδαιμονίζομεν καὶ τῶν ἀνδρῶν τοὺς θειοτάτους.
If praise is of such things, it is clear that there is no praise of the best things, but rather something greater and better, as indeed appears to be the case; for we call the gods blessed and happy, and also the most godlike of men.
ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ τῶν ἀγαθῶν· οὐδεὶς γὰρ τὴν εὐδαιμονίαν ἐπαινεῖ καθάπερ τὸ δίκαιον, ἀλλʼ ὡς θειότερόν τι καὶ βέλτιον μακαρίζει.
Similarly too with goods; for no one praises happiness as they do justice, but rather blesses it as something more divine and better.
δοκεῖ δὲ καὶ Εὔδοξος καλῶς συνηγορῆσαι περὶ τῶν ἀριστείων τῇ ἡδονῇ· τὸ γὰρ μὴ ἐπαινεῖσθαι τῶν ἀγαθῶν οὖσαν μηνύειν ᾤετο ὅτι κρεῖττόν ἐστι τῶν ἐπαινετῶν, τοιοῦτον δʼ εἶναι τὸν θεὸν καὶ τἀγαθόν· πρὸς ταῦτα γὰρ καὶ τἆλλα ἀναφέρεσθαι.
Eudoxus too seems to have advocated well for pleasure's claim to the first prize; for he thought that the fact that it is not praised, though it is a good, indicates that it is superior to the things praised, and that God and the good are of this character; for it is to these that all other things are referred.
ὁ μὲν γὰρ ἔπαινος τῆς ἀρετῆς· πρακτικοὶ γὰρ τῶν καλῶν ἀπὸ ταύτης· τὰ δʼ ἐγκώμια τῶν ἔργων ὁμοίως καὶ τῶν σωματικῶν καὶ τῶν ψυχικῶν.
For praise belongs to virtue; for it is from this that we are able to perform noble deeds; while encomiums are for works, whether of the body or of the soul.
ἀλλὰ ταῦτα μὲν ἴσως οἰκειότερον ἐξακριβοῦν τοῖς περὶ τὰ ἐγκώμια πεπονημένοις· ἡμῖν δὲ δῆλον ἐκ τῶν εἰρημένων ὅτι ἐστὶν ἡ εὐδαιμονία τῶν τιμίων καὶ τελείων.
But these matters are perhaps more appropriate to be worked out in detail by those who have labored on the subject of encomiums; but for us, it is clear from what has been said that happiness belongs to the things that are honored and complete.
ἔοικε δʼ οὕτως ἔχειν καὶ διὰ τὸ εἶναι ἀρχή· ταύτης γὰρ χάριν τὰ λοιπὰ πάντα πάντες πράττομεν, τὴν ἀρχὴν δὲ καὶ τὸ αἴτιον τῶν ἀγαθῶν τίμιόν τι καὶ θεῖον τίθεμεν.
This seems to be so also because it is a starting point; for it is for the sake of this that we all do all other things, and the starting point and cause of goods we posit as something honorable and divine.