§1.5#1περὶ πολλῶν μὲν οὖν καὶ ἑτέρων οὐ ῥᾴδιον τὸ κρῖναι καλῶς, μάλιστα δὲ περὶ οὗ πᾶσι ῥᾷστον εἶναι δοκεῖ, καὶ παντὸς ἀνδρὸς τὸ γνῶναι, τί τῶν ἐν τῷ ζῆν αἱρετόν, καὶ λαβὼν ἄν τις ἔχοι πλήρη τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν.
Now, about many other things indeed it is not easy to judge well, but most of all about that which seems to everyone to be easiest, and within the power of any man to know: namely, what among the things in life is desirable, and which if one obtained, he would have his desire fully satisfied.
πολλὰ γάρ ἐστι τοιαῦτα τῶν ἀποβαινόντων, διʼ ἃ προΐενται τὸ ζῆν, οἷον νόσους περιωδυνίας χειμῶνας· ὥστε δῆλον ὅτι κἂν ἐξ ἀρχῆς αἱρετὸν ἦν, εἴ τις αἵρεσιν ἐδίδου, διά γε ταῦτα τὸ μὴ γενέσθαι.
For there are many such things that happen, because of which people throw away their life, such as diseases, extreme pains, and storms; so that it is clear that even if from the beginning life was desirable, if someone offered a choice, for the sake of these things at least, not being born would have been preferable.
πρὸς δὲ τούτοις τίς ὁ βίος, ὃν ζῶσιν ἔτι παῖδες ὄντες;
In addition to these, what is the life that they live while still being children?
καὶ γὰρ ἐπὶ τοῦτον ἀνακάμψαι πάλιν οὐδεὶς ἂν ὑπομείνειεν εὖ φρονῶν.
For no one in his right mind would endure to return back to this.
ἔτι δὲ πολλὰ τῶν τε μηδεμίαν ἐχόντων ἡδονὴν ἢ λύπην, καὶ τῶν ἐχόντων μὲν ἡδονὴν μὴ καλὴν δέ, τοιαῦτʼ ἐστιν ὥστε τὸ μὴ εἶναι κρεῖττον εἶναι τοῦ ζῆν.
Furthermore, many of the things that have no pleasure or pain, and of those that have pleasure but not a beautiful one, are of such a kind that not being is better than living.
ὅλως δʼ εἴ τις ἅπαντα συναγάγοι ὅσα πράττουσι μὲν καὶ πάσχουσιν ἅπαντες, ἑκόντες μέντοι μηθὲν αὐτῶν διὰ τὸ μηδʼ αὐτοῦ χάριν, καὶ προσθείη χρόνου πλῆθος ἀπέραντόν τι, οὐ μᾶλλον ἕνεκʼ ἄν τις τούτων ἕλοιτο ζῆν ἢ μὴ ζῆν.
And on the whole, if one were to collect all the things that all people do and suffer, yet doing none of them voluntarily for its own sake, and were to add an infinite amount of time, one would not choose to live rather than not live for the sake of these.
ἀλλὰ μὴν οὐδὲ διὰ τὴν τῆς τροφῆς μόνον ἡδονὴν ἢ τὴν τῶν ἀφροδισίων, ἀφαιρεθεισῶν τῶν ἄλλων ἡδονῶν, ἃς τὸ γινώσκειν ἢ βλέπειν ἢ τῶν ἄλλων τις αἰσθήσεων πορίζει τοῖς ἀνθρώποις, οὐδʼ ἂν εἷς προτιμήσειε τὸ ζῆν, μὴ παντελῶς ὢν ἀνδράποδον.
But indeed, neither for the pleasure of food alone or that of sex, if the other pleasures were removed which knowing or seeing or any other senses provide to humans, would even one person prefer living, unless he were altogether a slavish person.
δῆλον γὰρ ὅτι τῷ ταύτην ποιουμένῳ τὴν αἵρεσιν οὐθὲν ἂν διενέγκειε γενέσθαι θηρίον ἢ ἄνθρωπον· ὁ γοῦν ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ βοῦς, ὃν ὡς Ἆπιν τιμῶσιν, ἐν πλείοσι τῶν τοιούτων ἐξουσιάζει πολλῶν μοναρχῶν.
For it is clear that to the one making this choice, it would make no difference to be born a beast or a human; at least the ox in Egypt, which they honor as Apis, has power over more of such things than many monarchs.
ὁμοίως δὲ οὐδὲ διὰ τὴν τοῦ καθεύδειν ἡδονήν· τί γὰρ διαφέρει καθεύδειν ἀνέγερτον ὕπνον ἀπὸ τῆς πρώτης ἡμέρας μέχρι τῆς τελευταίας ἐτῶν ἀριθμὸν χιλίων ἢ ὁποσωνοῦν, ἢ ζῆν ὄντα φυτόν;
Likewise, neither is it for the sake of the pleasure of sleeping; for what difference does it make to sleep an unawakened sleep from the first day to the last for a number of a thousand years or any number whatsoever, or to live being a plant?
τὰ γοῦν φυτὰ τοιαύτης τινὸς ἔοικε μετέχειν ζωῆς, ὥσπερ καὶ τὰ παιδία.
At least plants seem to participate in some such life, just as children do.
καὶ γὰρ ταῦτα κατὰ τὴν πρώτην ἐν τῇ μητρὶ γένεσιν πεφυκότα μὲν διατελεῖ, καθεύδοντα δὲ τὸν πάντα χρόνον.
For these also, from their first origin in the mother, continue to grow by nature, but sleep all the time.
ὥστε φανερὸν ἐκ τῶν τοιούτων ὅτι διαφεύγει σκοπουμένους, τί τὸ εὖ καὶ τί τὸ ἀγαθὸν τὸ ἐν τῷ ζῆν.
So it is clear from such things that it escapes those who examine what is the well and what is the good in living.
τὸν μὲν οὖν Ἀναξαγόραν φασὶν ἀποκρίνασθαι πρός τινα διαποροῦντα τοιαῦτʼ ἄττα καὶ διερωτῶντα τίνος ἕνεκʼ ἄν τις ἕλοιτο γενέσθαι μᾶλλον ἢ μὴ γενέσθαι "τοῦ" φάναι "θεωρῆσαι τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν περὶ τὸν ὅλον κόσμον τάξιν". οὗτος μὲν οὖν ἐπιστήμης τινὸς ἕνεκεν τὴν αἵρεσιν ᾤετο τιμίαν εἶναι τοῦ ζῆν· οἱ δὲ Σαρδανάπαλλον μακαρίζοντες ἢ Σμινδυρίδην τὸν Συβαρίτην ἢ τῶν ἄλλων τινὰς τῶν ζώντων τὸν ἀπολαυστικὸν βίον, οὗτοι δὲ πάντες ἐν τῷ χαίρειν φαίνονται τάττειν τὴν εὐδαιμονίαν·
Now, they say Anaxagoras answered someone who was raising such difficulties and asking for what sake one would choose to be born rather than not to be born, by saying: "For the sake of contemplating the heaven and the order concerning the whole universe." This man, therefore, thought that the choice of living was valuable for the sake of some knowledge; but those who call Sardanapallus blessed, or Smindyrides the Sybarite, or any of the others who live the voluptuous life, all these seem to place happiness in rejoicing.
ἕτεροι δέ τινες οὔτʼ ἂν φρόνησιν οὐδεμίαν οὔτε τὰς σωματικὰς ἡδονὰς ἕλοιντο μᾶλλον ἢ τὰς πράξεις τὰς ἀπʼ ἀρετῆς.
While certain others would choose neither any wisdom nor bodily pleasures rather than actions arising from virtue.
αἱροῦνται γοῦν οὐ μόνον ἔνιοι δόξης χάριν αὐτάς, ἀλλὰ καὶ μὴ μέλλοντες εὐδοκιμήσειν.
At least some choose them not only for the sake of reputation, but even when they are not going to win good repute.
ἀλλʼ οἱ πολλοὶ τῶν πολιτικῶν οὐκ ἀληθῶς τυγχάνουσι τῆς προσηγορίας· οὐ γάρ εἰσι πολιτικοὶ κατὰ τὴν ἀλήθειαν· ὁ μὲν γὰρ πολιτικὸς τῶν καλῶν ἐστι πράξεων προαιρετικὸς αὐτῶν χάριν, οἱ δὲ πολλοὶ χρημάτων καὶ πλεονεξίας ἕνεκεν ἅπτονται τοῦ ζῆν οὕτως.
But the majority of political men do not truly obtain this appellation; for they are not political in truth; for the political man is a chooser of beautiful actions for their own sake, but the majority touch this way of living for the sake of money and greed.