§5#2Κοινὸν δὲ κατὰ πάσης οὐσίας τὸ μὴ ἐν ὑποκειμένῳ εἶναι.
It is common to all substance not to be in a subject.
Ἡ μὲν γὰρ πρώτη οὐσία οὔτε ἐν ὑποκειμένῳ ἐστὶν οὔτε καθ᾿ ὑποκειμένου λέγεται· τῶν δὲ δευτέρων οὐσιῶν φανερὸν μὲν καὶ οὕτως ὅτι οὐκ εἰσὶν ἐν ὑποκειμένῳ.
For primary substance is neither in a subject nor said of a subject; and of secondary substances, it is clear also from this that they are not in a subject.
Ὁ γὰρ ἄνθρωπος καθ᾿ ὑποκειμένου μὲν τοῦ τινὸς ἀνθρώπου λέγεται, ἐν ὑποκειμένῳ δὲ οὐκ ἔστιν· οὐ γὰρ ἐν τῷ τινὶ ἀνθρώπῳ ὁ ἄνθρωπός ἐστιν.
For "man" is said of a subject, namely the individual man, but is not in a subject; for "man" is not in the individual man.
Ὡσαύτως δὲ καὶ τὸ ζῷον καθ᾿ ὑποκειμένου μὲν λέγεται τοῦ τινὸς ἀνθρώπου, οὐκ ἔστι δὲ τὸ ζῷον ἐν τῷ τινὶ ἀνθρώπῳ.
Likewise, "animal" also is said of a subject, namely the individual man, but "animal" is not in the individual man.
Ἔτι δὲ τῶν ἐν ὑποκειμένῳ ὄντων τὸ μὲν ὄνομα οὐδὲν κωλύει κατηγορεῖσθαί ποτε τοῦ ὑποκειμένου, τὸν δὲ λόγον ἀδύνατον.
Furthermore, of things that are in a subject, nothing prevents the name from being predicated of the subject at some time, but the definition is impossible.
Τῶν δὲ δευτέρων οὐσιῶν κατηγορεῖται καὶ ὁ λόγος κατὰ τοῦ ὑποκειμένου καὶ τοὔνομα· τὸν γὰρ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου λόγον κατὰ τοῦ τινὸς ἀνθρώπου κατηγορήσεις, καὶ τὸν τοῦ ζῴου ὡσαύτως.
But of secondary substances, both the definition and the name are predicated of the subject; for you will predicate the definition of "man" of the individual man, and likewise that of "animal".
Ὥστε οὐκ ἂν εἴη ἡ οὐσία τῶν ἐν ὑποκειμένῳ.
Thus substance would not be among things that are in a subject.
Οὐκ ἴδιον δὲ τοῦτο τῆς οὐσίας, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἡ διαφορὰ τῶν μὴ ἐν ὑποκειμένῳ ἐστίν.
But this is not peculiar to substance; rather, the difference also belongs to things not in a subject.
Τὸ γὰρ πεζὸν καὶ τὸ δίπουν καθ᾿ ὑποκειμένου μὲν λέγεται τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, ἐν ὑποκειμένῳ δὲ οὐκ ἔστιν· οὐ γὰρ ἐν τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ ἐστὶ τὸ δίπουν ἢ τὸ πεζόν.
For "pedestrian" and "two-footed" are said of a subject, namely man, but are not in a subject; for "two-footed" or "pedestrian" is not in man.
Καὶ ὁ λόγος δὲ κατηγορεῖται ὁ τῆς διαφορᾶς, καθ᾿ οὗ ἂν λέγηται ἡ διαφορά, οἷον εἰ τὸ πεζὸν κατὰ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου λέγεται, καὶ ὁ λόγος ὁ τοῦ πεζοῦ κατηγορηθήσεται τοῦ ἀνθρώπου· πεζὸν γάρ ἐστιν ὁ ἄνθρωπος.
And the definition of the difference is also predicated of whatever the difference is said of; for example, if "pedestrian" is said of man, the definition of "pedestrian" will also be predicated of man; for man is pedestrian.
Μὴ ταραττέτω δὲ ἡμᾶς τὰ μέρη τῶν οὐσιῶν ὡς ἐν ὑποκειμένοις ὄντα τοῖς ὅλοις, μή ποτε ἀναγκασθῶμεν οὐκ οὐσίας αὐτὰ φάσκειν εἶναι· οὐ γὰρ οὕτω τὰ ἐν ὑποκειμένῳ ἐλέγετο τὰ ὡς μέρη ὑπάρχοντα ἔν τινι.
Let us not be troubled by the parts of substances, on the ground that they are in the wholes as in subjects, lest we ever be forced to say that they are not substances; for things that exist in something as parts were not said to be "in a subject" in this way.
Ὑπάρχει δὲ ταῖς οὐσίαις καὶ ταῖς διαφοραῖς τὸ πάντα συνωνύμως ἀπ᾿ αὐτῶν λέγεσθαι.
It belongs to substances and to differences that everything called after them is called synonymously.
Πᾶσαι γὰρ αἱ ἀπ᾿ αὐτῶν κατηγορίαι ἤτοι κατὰ τῶν ἀτόμων κατηγοροῦνται ἢ κατὰ τῶν εἰδῶν.
For all the predications from them are predicated either of individuals or of species.
Ἀπὸ μὲν γὰρ τῆς πρώτης οὐσίας οὐδεμία ἐστὶ κατηγορία· κατ᾿ οὐδενὸς γὰρ ὑποκειμένου λέγεται· τῶν δὲ δευτέρων οὐσιῶν τὸ μὲν εἶδος κατὰ τοῦ ἀτόμου κατηγορεῖται, τὸ δὲ γένος καὶ.
For from primary substance there is no predication, since it is said of no subject; but of secondary substances, the species is predicated of the individual, and the genus is predicated both of the species and of the individual.
κατὰ τοῦ εἴδους καὶ κατὰ τοῦ ἀτόμου. Ὡσαύτως δὲ καὶ αἱ διαφοραὶ κατὰ τῶν εἰδῶν καὶ κατὰ τῶν ἀτόμων κατηγοροῦνται.
Likewise, the differences also are predicated of the species and of the individuals.
Καὶ τὸν λόγον δὲ ἐπιδέχονται αἱ πρῶται οὐσίαι τὸν τῶν εἰδῶν καὶ τὸν τῶν γενῶν, καὶ τὸ εἶδος δὲ τὸν τοῦ γένους· ὅσα γὰρ κατὰ τοῦ κατηγορουμένου λέγεται, πάντα καὶ κατὰ τοῦ ὑποκειμένου ῥηθήσεται.
And primary substances admit the definition of the species and of the genera, and the species admits that of the genus; for whatever is said of the predicate will also be said of the subject.
Ὡςαύτως δὲ καὶ τὸν τῶν διαφορῶν λόγον ἐπιδέχεται τὰ εἴδη καὶ τὰ ἄτομα.
Likewise, the species and the individuals also admit the definition of the differences.
Συνώνυμα δέ γε ἦν ὦν καὶ τοὔνομα κοινὸν καὶ ὁ λόγος ὁ αὐτός, ὥστε πάντα τὰ ἀπὸ τῶν οὐσιῶν καὶ τὰ ἀπὸ τῶν διαφορῶν συνωνύμως λέγεται.
And those things were synonymous of which both the name is common and the definition is the same; so that all things called after substances and after differences are called synonymously.
Πᾶσα δὲ οὐσία δοκεῖ τόδε τι σημαίνειν.
Every substance seems to signify a "this".
Ἐπὶ μὲν οὖν τῶν πρώτων οὐσιῶν ἀναμφισβήτητον καὶ ἀληθές ἐστιν ὅτι τόδε τι σημαίνει· ἄτομον γὰρ καὶ ἓν ἀριθμῷ τὸ δηλούμενόν ἐστιν·
In the case of primary substances, it is indisputable and true that they signify a "this"; for what is indicated is individual and numerically one.
ἐπὶ δὲ τῶν δευτέρων οὐσιῶν φαίνεται μὲν ὁμοίως τῷ σχήματι τῆς προσηγορίας τόδε τι σημαίνειν, ὅταν εἴπῃ ἄνθρωπον ἢ ζῷον, οὐ μὴν ἀληθές γε, ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον ποιόν τι σημαίνει·
But in the case of secondary substances, although they appear by the form of their appellation to signify a "this", when one says "man" or "animal", this is not actually true; rather, they signify a certain qualification.
οὐ γὰρ ἕν ἐστι τὸ ὑποκείμενον ὥσπερ ἡ πρώτη οὐσία, ἀλλὰ κατὰ πολλῶν ὁ ἄνθρωπος λέγεται καὶ τὸ ζῷον.
For the subject is not one, as in the case of primary substance, but "man" and "animal" are said of many.
Οὐχ ἁπλῶς δὲ ποιόν τι σημαίνει, ὥσπερ τὸ λευκόν. Οὐδὲν γὰρ ἄλλο σημαίνει τὸ λευκὸν ἀλλ᾿ ἢ ποιόν.
But they do not signify a qualification simply, as "white" does; for "white" signifies nothing other than a qualification.
Τὸ δὲ εἶδος καὶ τὸ γένος περὶ οὐσίαν τὸ ποιὸν ἀφορίζει· ποιὰν γάρ τινα οὐσίαν σημαίνει.
But the species and the genus determine the qualification around substance; for they signify a substance of a certain qualification.
Ἐπὶ πλεῖον δὲ τῷ γένει ἢ τῷ εἴδει τὸν ἀφορισμὸν ποιεῖται· ὁ γὰρ ζῷον εἰπὼν ἐπὶ πλεῖον περιλαμβάνει ἢ ὁ τὸν ἄνθρωπον.
And the genus makes the determination over a wider range than the species; for he who says "animal" encompasses a wider range than he who says "man".
Ὑπάρχει δὲ ταῖς οὐσίαις καὶ τὸ μηδὲν αὐταῖς ἐναντίον εἶναι.
It also belongs to substances that nothing is contrary to them.
Τῇ γὰρ πρώτῃ οὐσίᾳ τί ἂν εἴη ἐναντίον, οἷον τῷ τινὶ ἀνθρώπῳ ἢ τῷ τινὶ ζῴῳ;
For what could be contrary to a primary substance, such as the individual man or the individual animal?
οὐδὲν γάρ ἐστιν ἐναντίον.
Nothing is contrary to them.
Οὐδέ γε τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ ἢ τῷ ζῴῳ οὐδέν ἐστιν ἐναντίον.
Nor indeed is anything contrary to "man" or "animal".
Οὐκ ἴδιον δὲ τοῦτο τῆς οὐσίας, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐπ᾿ ἄλλων πολλῶν, οἷον ἐπὶ τοῦ ποσοῦ· τῷ γὰρ διπήχει ἢ τριπήχει οὐδέν ἐστιν ἐναντίον, οὐδέ γε τοῖς δέκα, οὐδὲ τῶν τοιούτων οὐδενί, εἰ μή τις τὸ πολὺ τῷ ὀλίγῳ φαίη ἐναντίον εἶναι ἢ τὸ μέγα τῷ μικρῷ.
But this is not peculiar to substance, but holds of many other things, for example, of quantity; for nothing is contrary to "two-cubits-long" or "three-cubits-long", nor indeed to "ten", nor to any such thing, unless someone should say that "much" is contrary to "few" or "great" to "small".
Τῶν δὲ ἀφωρισμένων ποσῶν οὐδὲν οὐδενὶ ἐναντίον ἐστίν.
But of definite quantities, nothing is contrary to anything.