Humanitext Reader

Aristotle · On the Heavens §2.5

Why the Motion of the Heaven Moves in Only One Direction

Passage 28 of 62 · Greek

Summary

The author raises the question of why the heaven moves in only one specific direction, and explains this by the hypothesis that the heaven moves toward its spatial "front" as the best possible state.

§2.55 Ἐπεὶ δʼ ἔστι διχῶς ἐπὶ τοῦ κύκλου κινηθῆναι, οἷον ἀπὸ τοῦ Α τὴν μὲν ἐπὶ τὸ Β τὴν δʼ ἐπὶ τὸ Γ, ὅτι μὲν οὖν οὐκ εἰσὶν ἐναντίαι αὗται, πρότερον εἴρηται.
Since it is possible to move in two ways on a circle, for example from A, one [movement] toward B and the other toward C, that these are not contrary has been said before.
ἀλλʼ εἰ μηδὲν ὡς ἔτυχε μηδʼ ἀπὸ ταὐτομάτου ἐνδέχεται ἐν τοῖς ἀιδίοις εἶναι, ὁ δʼ οὐρανὸς ἀΐδιος καὶ ἡ κύκλῳ φορά, διὰ τίνα ποτʼ αἰτίαν ἐπὶ θάτερα φέρεται, ἀλλʼ οὐκ ἐπὶ θάτερα;
But if nothing by chance or of spontaneous origin can exist in eternal things, and the heaven and its circular motion are eternal, for what cause is it carried in one direction and not in the other?
ἀνάγκη γὰρ καὶ τοῦτο ἢ ἀρχὴν εἶναι ἢ εἶναι αὐτοῦ ἀρχήν.
For this also must either be a principle or have a principle of itself.
ἴσως μὲν οὖν τὸ περὶ ἐνίων ἀποφαίνεσθαί τι πειρᾶσθαι καὶ τὸ περὶ πάντων καὶ τὸ παριέναι μηθὲν τάχʼ ἂν δόξειεν εἶναι σημεῖον ἢ πολλῆς εὐηθείας ἢ πολλῆς προθυμίας.
Perhaps, then, attempting to declare something about certain things, and indeed about everything, and passing over nothing, might seem to be a sign of either great folly or great zeal.
οὐ μὴν δίκαιόν γε πᾶσιν ὁμοίως ἐπιτιμᾶν, ἀλλʼ ὁρᾶν δεῖ τὴν αἰτίαν τοῦ λέγειν τίς ἐστιν, ἔτι δὲ πῶς ἔχον τῷ πιστεύειν, πότερον ἀνθρωπίνως ἢ καρτερικώτερον.
Yet it is not right to censure everyone alike, but one must look to what the cause of speaking is, and furthermore, how they stand in respect of belief, whether in a human way or more steadfastly.
ταῖς μὲν οὖν ἀκριβεστέραις ἀνάγκαις ὅταν 288a τις ἐπιτύχῃ, τότε χάριν ἔχειν δεῖ τοῖς εὐρίσκουσι, νῦν δὲ τὸ φαινόμενον ῥητέον.
Therefore, when one hits upon more precise necessities, then one must be grateful to those who find them, but now we must state what appears [to be the case].
εἰ γὰρ ἡ φύσις ἀεὶ ποιεῖ τῶν ἐνδεχομένων τὸ βέλτιστον, ἔστι δὲ καθάπερ τῶν ἐπὶ τῆς εὐθείας φορρῶν ἡ πρὸς τὸν ἄνω τόπον τιμιωτέρα (θειότερος γὰρ ὁ ἄνω τόπος τοῦ κάτω), τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον καὶ ἡ εἰς τὸ πρόσθεν τῆς εἰς τοὔπισθεν, ἔχει δὴ, εἴπερ καὶ τὸ δεξιὸν καὶ τὸ ἀριστερόν, καθάπερ ἐλέχθη πρότερον (καὶ μαρτυρεῖ δʼ ἡ ῥηθεῖσα ἀπορία, ὅτι ἔχει), τὸ πρότερον καὶ ὕστερον· αὕτη γὰρ ἡ αἰτία λύει τὴν ἀπορίαν.
For if nature always does the best of possible things, and just as among movements on a straight line, that toward the upper place is more honorable (for the upper place is more divine than the lower), in the same way also that toward the front is [more honorable] than that toward the back, and indeed it has, if indeed it has also right and left, as was said before (and the mentioned difficulty witnesses that it has), front and back; for this cause resolves the difficulty.
εἰ γὰρ ἔχει ὡς ἐνδέχεται βέλτιστα, αὕτη ἂν εἴη αἰτία καὶ τοῦ εἰρημένου· βέλτιστον γὰρ κινεῖσθαι ἁπλῆν τε κίνησιν καὶ ἄπαυστον, καὶ ταύτην ἐπὶ τὸ τιμιώτερον.
For if it is in the best possible state, this would be the cause also of what has been said; for it is best to move with a motion that is both simple and unceasing, and this toward the more honorable [direction].

Notes

  1. 287b28ἢ εἶναι αὐτοῦ ἀρχήν — The genitive αὐτοῦ refers to the fact that the heaven moves in only one specific direction. This sentence indicates that either this phenomenon itself is a first "principle" (ἀρχή) requiring no further explanation, or there is another "principle" behind it to explain it.
  2. 287b33πῶς ἔχον τῷ πιστεύειν — The neuter participle ἔχον functions in the indirect question continuing from τίς ἐστιν, meaning "how one stands with respect to believing (τῷ πιστεύειν)". It refers to the degree of intellectual conviction or the scientific attitude of the speaker.
  3. 288a7τὸ πρότερον καὶ ὕστερον — Although this expression usually means "the prior and the posterior" in a temporal or logical sense, here it refers to the spatial and directional distinction of "front" and "back" in the heaven, corresponding to the preceding contrast between εἰς τὸ πρόσθεν (to the front) and εἰς τοὔπισθεν (to the back).

Cite this passage

Aristotle, On the Heavens §2.5. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0086.tlg005.humanitext-grc1:2.5

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