§2.66 Περὶ δὲ τῆς κινήσεως αὐτοῦ, ὅτι ὁμαλής ἐστι καὶ οὐκ ἀνώμαλος, ἐφεξῆς ἂν εἴη τῶν εἰρημένων διελθεῖν.
6 Next in order after what has been said, we must discuss its motion, showing that it is uniform and not irregular.
λέγω δὲ τοῦτο περὶ τοῦ πρώτου οὐρανοῦ καὶ περὶ τῆς πρώτης φορὰς· ἐν γὰρ τοῖς ὑποκάτω πλείους ἤδη αἱ φοραὶ συνεληλύθασιν εἰς ἕν.
I say this concerning the first heaven and the first movement; for in the things below, several movements have already combined into one.
εἰ γὰρ ἀνωμάλως κινήσεται, δῆλον ὅτι ἐπίτασις ἔσται καὶ ἀκμὴ καὶ ἄνεσις τῆς φορὰς· ἅπασα γὰρ ἡ ἀνώμαλος φορὰ καὶ ἄνεσιν ἔχει καὶ ἐπίτασιν καὶ ἀκμήν.
For if it is to move irregularly, it is clear that there will be acceleration, a peak, and retardation of the movement; for every irregular movement has retardation, acceleration, and a peak.
ἀκμὴ δʼ ἐστὶν ἢ ὅθεν φέρεται ἢ οἱ ἢ ἀνὰ μέσον, οἷον ἴσως τοῖς μὲν κατὰ φύσιν οἷ φέρονται, τοῖς δὲ παρὰ φύσιν ὅθεν, τοῖς δὲ ῥιπτουμένοις ἀνὰ μέσον.
And the peak is either where it is carried from, or where to, or in between, just as perhaps for those moving according to nature, it is where they are carried to, for those contrary to nature, where from, and for projectiles, in between.
τῆς δὲ κύκλῳ φορᾶς οὐκ ἔστιν οὔτε ὅθεν οὕτε οἱ οὕτε μέσον· οὔτε γὰρ ἀρχὴ οὔτε πέρας οὔτε μέσον ἐστὶν αὐτῆς ἀπλῶς· τῷ τε γὰρ χρόνῳ ἀΐδιος καὶ τῷ μήκει συνηγμένη καὶ ἄκλαστος·
But of circular movement, there is neither a where from, nor a where to, nor a middle; for there is simply neither beginning, nor end, nor middle of it; for it is eternal in time, and closed and unbroken in length.
ὥστʼ εἰ μή ἐστιν ἀκμὴ αὐτοῦ τῆς φορὰς, οὐδʼ ἂν ἀνωμαλία εἴη· ἡ γὰρ ἀνωμαλία γίγνεται διὰ τὴν ἄνεσιν καὶ ἐπίτασιν, ἔτι δʼ ἐπεὶ πᾶν τὸ κινούμενον ὑπό τινος κινεῖται, ἀνάγκη τὴν ἀνωμαλίαν γίγνεσθαι τῆς κινήσεως ἢ διὰ τὸ κινοῦν ἢ διὰ τὸ κινούμενον ἢ διʼ ἄμφω·
So that if there is no peak of its movement, neither would there be irregularity; for irregularity arises because of retardation and acceleration. Further, since everything that is moved is moved by something, it is necessary that the irregularity of the motion arises either because of the mover, or because of the moved, or because of both.
εἴτε γὰρ τὸ κινοῦν μὴ τῇ αὐτῇ δυνάμει κινοῖ, εἴτε τὸ κινούμενον ἀλλοιοῖτο καὶ μὴ διαμένοι τὸ αὐτό, εἴτε ἄμφω μεταβάλλοι, οὐθὲν κωλύει ἀνωμάλως κινεῖσθαι τὸ κινούμενον.
For whether the mover does not move with the same power, or the moved is altered and does not remain the same, or both change, nothing prevents the moved from being moved irregularly.
οὐθὲν δὲ τούτων δυνατὸν περὶ τὸν οὐρανὸν γενέσθαι· τὸ μὲν γὰρ κινούμενον δέδεικται ὅτι πρῶτον καὶ ἁπλοῦν καὶ ἀγένητον καὶ ἄφθαρτον καὶ ὅλως ἀμετάβλητον, τὸ δὲ κινοῦν πολύ μᾶλλον εὔλογον εἶναι τοιοῦτον· τὸ γὰρ πρῶτον τοῦ πρώτου καὶ τὸ ἀπλοῦν τοῦ ἁπλοῦ καὶ τὸ ἄφθαρτον καὶ ἀγένητον τοῦ ἀφθάρτου καὶ ἀγενήτου κινητικόν.
But none of these can happen concerning the heaven; for the moved has been shown to be primary, simple, ungenerated, incorruptible, and altogether unchangeable, while the mover is much more reasonably to be such; for the primary is motive of the primary, the simple of the simple, and the incorruptible and ungenerated of the incorruptible and ungenerated.
ἐπεὶ οὖν τὸ κινούμενον οὐ μεταβάλλει σῶμα ὄν, οὐδʼ ἂν τὸ κινοῦν μεταβάλλοι ἀσώματον ὄν.
Since, then, the moved, being a body, does not change, neither would the mover, being incorporeal, change.
ὥστε καὶ τὴν φορὰν ἀδύνατον ἀνώμαλον εἶναι.
So that it is also impossible for the movement to be irregular.
καὶ γὰρ εἰ γίνεται ἀνώμαλος, ἤτοι ὅλη μεταβάλλει καὶ ὁτὲ μὲν γίνεται θάττων ὁτὲ δὲ βραδυτέρα πάλιν, ἢ τὰ μέρη αὐτῆς.
For indeed, if it becomes irregular, either it changes as a whole, and at one time becomes faster and at another slower again, or its parts do.
τὰ μὲν οὖν μέρη ὅτι οὐκ ἔστιν ἀνώμαλα, φανερόν· ἤδη γὰρ ἂν γεγόνει διάστασις τῶν ἄστρων ἐν τῷ ἀπείρῳ χρόνῳ, τοῦ μὲν θᾶττον κινουμένου τοῦ δὲ βραδύτερον.
Now, that the parts are not irregular is manifest; for already there would have been a separation of the stars in infinite time, with one moving faster and another slower.
οὐ φαίνεται δʼ οὐθὲν ἄλλως ἔχον τοῖς διαστήμασιν.
But nothing appears to be otherwise in respect of their distances.
ἀλλὰ μὴν οὐδὲ τὴν ὅλην ἐγχωρεῖ μεταβάλλειν· ἡ γὰρ ἄνεσις ἑκάστου γίνεται διʼ ἀδυναμίαν, ἡ δʼ ἀδυναμία παρὰ φύσιν· καὶ γὰρ αἱ ἐν τοῖς ζώοις ἀδυναμίαι πᾶσαι παρὰ φύσιν εἰσίν, οἷον γῆρας καὶ φθίσις.
But indeed, neither is it possible for the whole to change; for the retardation of each thing arises because of weakness, and weakness is contrary to nature; for indeed the weaknesses in animals are all contrary to nature, such as old age and decay.
ὅλη γὰρ ἴσως ἡ σύστασις τῶν ζώων ἐκ τοιούτων συνέστηκεν ἃ διαφέρει τοῖς οἰκείοις τόποις· οὐθὲν γὰρ τῶν μερῶν ἔχει τὴν αὑτοῦ χώραν.
For perhaps the whole constitution of animals is composed of such things as differ in their proper places; for none of their parts has its own place.
εἰ οὖν ἐν τοῖς πρώτοις μή ἐστι τὸ παρὰ φύσιν (ἁπλᾶ γὰρ καὶ ἄμικτα καὶ ἐν τῇ οἰκείᾳ χώρᾳ, καὶ οὐθὲν αὐτοῖς ἐναντίον), οὐδʼ ἂν ἀδυναμία εἴη, ὥστʼ οὐδʼ ἄνεσις οὐδʼ ἐπίτασις· εἰ γὰρ ἐπίτασις, καὶ ἄνεσις.
If, therefore, in the primary things there is nothing contrary to nature (for they are simple, unmixed, and in their proper place, and there is nothing contrary to them), neither would there be weakness, so that there would be neither retardation nor acceleration; for if there is acceleration, there is also retardation.
ἔτι δὲ καὶ ἄλογον ἄπειρον χρόνον ἀδύνατον εἶναι τὸ κινοῦν, καὶ πάλιν ἄλλον ἄπειρον δυνατόν· οὐθὲν γὰρ φαίνεται ὂν ἄπειρον χρόνον παρὰ φύσιν (ἡ δʼ ἀδυναμία παρὰ φύσιν), οὐδὲ τὸν ἴσον χρόνον παρὰ φύσιν καὶ κατὰ φύσιν, οὐδ’ ἄλλως δυνατὸν καὶ ἀδύνατον.
Further, it is also irrational that the mover should be powerless for an infinite time, and again powerful for another infinite time; for nothing appears to exist for an infinite time contrary to nature (and weakness is contrary to nature), nor for an equal time contrary to nature and according to nature, nor in general possible and impossible.
ἀνάγκη δʼ, εἰ ἀνίησιν ἡ κίνησις, ἄπειρον ἀνιέναι χρόνον.
And it is necessary, if the motion retards, that it retards for an infinite time.
ἀλλὰ μὴν οὐδʼ ἐπιτείνειν ἀεὶ ἢ πάλιν ἀνιέναι δυνατόν· ἄπειρος γὰρ ἂν εἴη καὶ ἀόριστος ἡ κίνησις, ἅπασαν δέ φαμεν ἔκ τινος εἴς τι εἶναι καὶ ὡρισμένην.
But indeed, neither is it possible to accelerate always or again to retard; for the motion would be infinite and indefinite, but we say that all motion is from something to something and is limited.
ἔτι δʼ εἴ τις λάβοι εἶναί τινα χρόνον ἐλάχιστον, οὗ οὐκ ἐνδέχεται ἐν ἐλάττονι κινηθῆναι τὸν οὐρανόν (ὥσπερ γὰρ οὐδὲ βαδίσαι οὐδὲ κιθαρίσαι ἐν ὁτῳοῦν χρόνῳ δυνατόν, ἀλλʼ ἑκάστης ἐστὶ πράξεως ὡρισμένος ὁ ἐλάχιστος χρόνος κατὰ τὸ μὴ ὑπερβάλλειν, οὕτως οὐδὲ κινηθῆναι τὸν οὐρανὸν ἐν ὁτῳοῦν χρόνῳ δυνατόν)· εἰ οὖν τοῦτʼ ἀληθές, οὐκ ἂν εἴη ἀεὶ ἐπίτασις τῆς φορᾶς, εἰ δὲ μὴ ἐπίτασις, οὐδʼ ἄνεσις· ὁμοίως γὰρ ἄμφω καὶ θάτερον, εἴπερ τῷ αὐτῷ τε ἐπιτείνεται τάχει ἢ μείζονι, καὶ ἄπειρον χρόνον.
Further, if one were to assume that there is some minimum time, in less than which it is not possible for the heaven to be moved (for just as it is not possible either to walk or to play the lyre in any time whatsoever, but of each action there is a limited minimum time in respect of not exceeding, so neither is it possible for the heaven to be moved in any time whatsoever); if then this is true, there would not be always acceleration of the movement, and if no acceleration, neither retardation; for both and either of the two behaves in like manner, if indeed it accelerates at the same speed or greater, and for an infinite time.
λείπεται δὴ λέγειν ἐναλλάξ εἶναι τῇ κινήσει τὸ θᾶττον καὶ τὸ βρδύτερον· τοῦτο δὲ παντελῶς ἄλογον καὶ πλάσματι ὅμοιον.
It remains then to say that the faster and the slower exist alternately in the motion; but this is completely irrational and like a fiction.
ἔτι δὲ καὶ τὸ μὴ λανθάνειν ἐπὶ τούτων εὐλογώτερον· εὐαισθητότερα γὰρ τὰ παῤ ἄλληλα τιθέμενα.
Further, not escaping notice is more reasonable in these cases; for things placed beside one another are more easily perceived.
ὅτι μὲν οὖν εἷς τε μόνος ἐστὶν οὐρανός, καὶ οὗτος ἀγένητος καὶ ἀΐδιος, ἔτι δὲ κινούμενος ὁμαλῶς, ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον ἡμῖν εἰρήσθω.
That, then, there is only one heaven, and this ungenerated and eternal, and further moving uniformly, let so much be said by us.