§2.4#2εἰ γὰρ ἔσται εὐθύγραμμος, συμβήσεται καὶ τόπον ἔξω εἶναι καὶ σῶμα καὶ κενόν, κύκλῳ γὰρ στρεφόμενον τὸ εὐθύγραμμον οὐδέποτε τὴν αὐτὴν ἐφέξει χώραν, ἀλλʼ ὅπου πρότερον ἦν σῶμα, νῦν οὐκ ἔσται, καὶ οὖ νῦν οὐκ ἔστι, πάλιν ἔσται διὰ τὴν παράλλαξιν τῶν γωνιῶν.
For if it is rectilinear, it will happen that there is both place, body, and void outside [it], for a rectilinear body revolving in a circle will never occupy the same place, but where there was previously body, now there will not be, and where there is now not, again there will be, because of the shifting of the angles.
ὁμοίως δὲ κἂν εἴ τι ἄλλο σχῆμα γένοιτο μὴ ἴσας ἔχον τὰς ἐκ τοῦ μέσου γραμμάς, οἷον φακοειδὲς ἢ ἐοειδές· ἐν ἅπασι γὰρ συμβήσεται καὶ τόπον ἔξω καὶ κενὸν εἶναι τῆς φορὰς διὰ τὸ μὴ τὴν αὐτὴν χώραν κατέχειν τὸ ὅλον.
And likewise also if there should be any other shape not having equal lines from the center, such as lentiform or egg-shaped; for in all of them it will happen that there is place and void outside their movement, because of the whole not occupying the same place.
ἔτι δʼ εἰ τῶν μὲν κινήσεων τὸ μέτρον ἡ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ φορὰ διὰ τὸ εἶναι μόνη συνεχής καὶ ὁμαλὴς καὶ ἀΐδιος, ἐν ἑκάστῳ δὲ μέτρον τὸ ἐλάχιστον, ἐλαχίστη δὲ κίνησις ἡ ταχίστη, δῆλον ὅτι ταχίστη ἂν εἴη πασῶν τῶν κινήσεων ἡ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ κίνησις.
Furthermore, if the revolution of the heaven is the measure of movements, because it alone is continuous, uniform, and eternal, and in each genus the measure is the minimum, and the minimum movement is the fastest, it is clear that the movement of the heaven would be the fastest of all movements.
ἀλλὰ μὴν τῶν ἀπὸ τοῦ αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτὸ ἐλαχίστη ἐστὶν ἡ τοῦ κύκλου γραμμή· κατὰ δὲ τὴν ἐλαχίστην ταχίστη ἡ κίνησις· ὥστʼ εἰ ὁ οὐρανὸς κύκλῳ φέρεται καὶ τάχιστα κινεῖται, σφαιροειδῆ αὐτὸν ἀνάγκη εἶναι.
Now, of lines from the same point to the same point, the circular line is the minimum; and movement along the minimum is the fastest; so that if the heaven is carried in a circle and moves fastest, it is necessary for it to be spherical.
λάβοι δʼ ἄν τις καὶ ἐκ τῶν περὶ τὸ μέσον ἱδρυμένων σωμάτων ταύτην τὴν πίστιν.
One might also obtain this conviction from the bodies situated around the center.
εἰ γὰρ τὸ μὲν ὕδωρ ἐστὶ περὶ τὴν γῆν, ὁ δʼ ἀὴρ περὶ τὸ ὕδωρ, τὸ δὲ πῦρ περὶ τὸν ἀέρα, καὶ τὰ ἄνω σώματα κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν λόγον (συνεχῆ μὲν γὰρ οὐκ ἔστιν, ἅπτεται δὲ τούτων), ἡ δὲ τοῦ. ὕδατος ἐπιφάνεια σφαιροειδής ἐστιν, τὸ δὲ τῷ σφαιροειδεῖ συνεχὲς ἢ κείμενον περὶ τὸ σφαιροειδὲς καὶ αὐτὸ τοιοῦτον ἀναγκαῖον εἶναι· ὥστε κἂν διὰ τούτουφανερὸν εἴη ὅτι σφαιροειδής ἐστιν ὁ οὐρανός.
For if water is around the earth, air around water, fire around air, and the upper bodies according to the same ratio (for they are not continuous, but touch these), and the surface of water is spherical, and that which is continuous with or situated around the spherical must itself be of such a nature; so that also through this it would be clear that the heaven is spherical.
ἀλλὰ μὴν ὅτι γε ἡ τοῦ ὕδατος ἐπιφάνεια τοιαύτη, φανερὸν ὑπόθεσιν λαμβάνουσιν ὅπι πέφυκεν ἀεὶ συρρεῖν τὸ ὕδωρ εἰς τὸ κοιλότερον· κοιλότερον δέ ἐστι τὸ τοῦ κέντρου ἐγγύτερον.
But that the surface of water is indeed such is clear if they assume as a hypothesis that water naturally flows always into the hollower place; and the hollower is that which is nearer to the center.
ἤχθωσαν οὖν ἐκ τοῦ κέντρου ἡ ΑΒ καὶ ΑΓ, καὶ ἐπεζεύχθω ἐφʼ ἧς ΒΓ. ἡ οὖν ἀχθεῖσα ἐπὶ τὴν βάσιν, ἐφʼ ἧς ΑΔ, ἐλάττων ἐστὶ τῶν ἐκ τοῦ κέντρου· κοιλότερος ἄρα ὁ τόπος.
Let, then, AB and AC be drawn from the center, and let them be joined by BC. Therefore, the line drawn to the base, AD, is less than those from the center; so the place is hollower.
ὥστε περιρρεύσεται τὸ ὕδωρ, ἕως ἂν ἰσασθῇ.
So the water will flow around until it is equalized.
ἴση δὲ ταῖς ἐκ τοῦ κέντρου ἡ ΑΕ. ὥστʼ ἀνάγκη πρὸς ταῖς ἐκ τοῦ κέντρου εἶναι τὸ ὕδωρ· τότε γὰρ ἠρεμήσει.
And AE is equal to those from the center. So it is necessary for the water to be at the lines from the center; for then it will rest.
ἡ δὲ τῶν ἐκ τοῦ κέντρου ἁπτομένη περιφερής· σφαιροειδὴς ἄρα ἡ τοῦ ὕδατος ἐπιφάνεια, ἐφʼ ἧς ΒΕΓ.' ὅτι μὲν οὖν σφαιροειδής ἐστιν ὁ κόσμος, δῆλον ἐκ τούτων, καὶ ὅτι κατʼ ἀκρίβειαν ἔντορνος οὕτως ὥστε μηθὲν μήτε χειρόκμητον. ἔχειν παραπλησίως μήτʼ ἄλλο μηθὲν τῶν παῤ ἡμῖν ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς φαινομένων.
But the line touching those from the center is curved; therefore, the surface of the water, BEG, is spherical. That the world, then, is spherical is clear from these, and that it is turned to such precision that nothing made by hand nor anything else among the things appearing to our eyes is comparable to it.
ἐξ ὧν γὰρ τὴν σύνθεσιν εἴληφεν, οὐδὲν οὕτω δυνατὸν ὁμαλότητα δέξασθαι καὶ ἀκρίβειαν ὡς ἡ τοῦ πέριξ σώματος φύσις· δῆλον γὰρ ὡς ἀνάλογον ἔχει, καθάπερ ὕδωρ πρὸς γῆν, καὶ τὰ πλεῖον ἀεὶ ἀπέχοντα τῶν στοιχείων.
For of the things from which it has taken its composition, nothing is so capable of receiving uniformity and precision as the nature of the surrounding body; for it is clear that they stand in a proportion: just as water is to earth, so are the elements that are always further removed.