§2.4#14 Σχῆμα δ’ ἀνάγκη σφαιροειδὲς ἔχειν τὸν οὐρανόν· τοῦτο γὰρ οἰκειότατον τῇ οὐσίᾳ καὶ τῇ φύσει πρῶτον.
4 It is necessary for the heaven to have a spherical shape; for this is most appropriate to its substance and primary in nature.
εἴπωμεν δὲ πρῶτον καθόλου περὶ τῶν σχημάτων, τὸ ποῖόν ἐστι πρῶτον, καὶ ἐν ἐπιπέδοις καὶ ἐν στερεοῖς.
But let us first speak generally about shapes, which kind is primary, both in plane and in solid figures.
ἅπαν δὴ σχῆμα ἐπίτεδον ἢ εὐθύγραμμόν ἐστιν ἢ περιφερόγραμμον.
Indeed, every plane shape is either rectilinear or curvilinear.
καὶ τὸ μὲν εὐθύγραμ:μον ὑπὸ πλειόνων περιέχεται γραμμῶν, τὸ δὲ περιφερόγραμμον ὑπὸ μιᾶς.
And the rectilinear is contained by several lines, while the curvilinear is contained by one.
ἐπεὶ δὲ πρότερον τῇ φύσει ἐν ἑκάστῳ γένει τὸ ἓν τῶν πολλῶν καὶ τὸ ἀπλοῦν τῶν συνθέτων, πρῶτον ἂν εἴη τῶν ἐπιπέδων σχημάτων ὁ κύκλος.
Since in each genus that which is one is prior in nature to that which is many, and the simple to the composite, the circle would be the primary of plane shapes.
ἔτι δὲ εἴπερ τέλειόν ἐστιν οὗ μηδὲν ἔξω λαβεῖν αὐτοῦ δυνατόν, ὥσπερ ὥρισται πρότερον, καὶ τῇ μὲν εὐθείᾳ πρόσθεσίς ἐστιν ἀεί, τῇ δὲ τοῦ κύκλου οὐδέποτε, φανερὸν ὅτι τέλειος ἂν εἴη 2 περιέχουσα τὸν κύκλον·
Furthermore, if that is complete of which it is not possible to take any part outside of it, as was defined before, and while to a straight line addition is always possible, but to that of a circle never, it is clear that the line containing the circle would be complete.
ὥστʼ εἰ τὸ τέλειον πρότερον τοῦ ἀτελοῦς, καὶ διὰ ταῦτα πρότερον ἂν εἴη τῶν σχημάτων ὁ κύκλος.
So if the complete is prior to the incomplete, for these reasons also the circle would be prior among shapes.
ὡσαύτως δὲ καὶ ἡ σφαῖρα τῶν στερεῶν· μόνη γὰρ περιέχεται μιᾷ ἐπιφανείᾳ, τὰ δʼ εὐθύγραμμα πλείοσιν·
And likewise, the sphere is prior among solids; for it alone is contained by a single surface, while rectilinear solids are contained by several.
ὡς γὰρ ἔχει ὁ κύκλος ἐν τοῖς ἐπιπέδοις, οὕτως ἡ σφαῖρα ἐν τοῖς στερεοῖς.
For as the circle is in planes, so is the sphere in solids.
ἔτι δὲ καὶ οἱ διαιροῦντες εἰς ἐπίπεδα καὶ ἐξ ἐπιτέδων τὰ σώματα γεννῶντες μεμαρτυρηκέναι φαίνονται τούτοις· μόνη γὰρ τῶν στερεῶν οὐ διαιροῦσι τὴν σφαῖραν ὡς οὐκ ἔχουσαν πλείους ἐπιφανείας ἢ μίαν·
Furthermore, even those who divide solids into planes and generate bodies from planes seem to bear witness to this; for they do not divide the sphere alone of all solids, on the ground that it does not have more surfaces than one.
ἡ γὰρ εἰς τὰ ἐπίπεδα διαίρεσις οὖχ ὡς ἄν τέμνων τις εἰς τὰ μέρη διέλοι τὸ ὅλον, τοῦτον διαιρεῖται τὸν τρόπον, ἀλλʼ ὡς εἰς ἕτερα τῷ εἴδει.
For the division into planes does not occur in the way that one might divide a whole by cutting it into parts, but rather as dividing into things different in form.
ὅτι μὲν οὖν πρῶτόν ἐστιν ἡ σφαῖρα τῶν στερεῶν σχημάτων, δῆλον.
It is clear, then, that the sphere is the first of solid shapes.
ἔστι δὲ καὶ κατὰ τὸν ἀριθμὸν τὴν τάξιν ἀποδιδοῦσιν οὕτω τιθεμένοις εὐλογώτατον, τὸν μὲν κύκλον κατὰ τὸ ἕν, τὸ δὲ τρίγωνον κατὰ τὴν δύαδα, ἐπειδὴ δύο ὀρθαί·
And it is also most reasonable for those who assign order according to number to position them in this way, placing the circle according to the one, and the triangle according to the dyad, since its angles are equal to two right angles.
ἐὰν δὲ τὸ ἓν κατὰ τὸ τρίγωνον, ὁ κύκλος οὐκέτι ἔσται σχῆμα.
But if they place the one according to the triangle, the circle will no longer be a shape.
ἐπεὶ δὲ τὸ μὲν πρῶτον σχῆμα τοῦ πρώτου σώματος, πρῶτον δὲ σῶμα τὸ ἐν τῇ ἐσχάτῃ περιφορὰ, σφαιροειδὲς ἂν εἴη τὸ τὴν κύκλῳ περιφερόμενον φοράν.
Since, then, the first shape belongs to the first body, and the first body is that in the outermost revolution, that which is carried in a circular motion would be spherical.
καὶ τὸ συνεχὲς ἄρα ἐκείνῳ· τὸ γὰρ τῷ σφαιροειδεῖ συνεχὲς σφαιροειδές.
And therefore that which is continuous with it would also be spherical; for that which is continuous with the spherical is spherical.
ὡσαύτως δὲ καὶ τὰ πρὸς τὸ μέσον τούτων· τὰ γὰρ ὑπὸ τοῦ σφαιροειδοῦς περιεχόμενα καὶ ἁπτόμενα ὅλα σφαιροειδῆ ἀνάγκη εἶναι·
And likewise also those things of these that are towards the center; for it is necessary that things contained by and touching the spherical should be spherical as a whole.
τὰ δὲ κάτω τῆς τῶν πλανητῶν ἅπτεται τῆς ἐπάνω σφαίρας.
And the things below the sphere of the planets touch the sphere above them.
ὥστε σφαιροειδὴς ἂν εἴη πᾶσα· πάντα γὰρ ἅπτεται καὶ συνεχῆ ἐστὶ ταῖς σφαίραις.
So the whole would be spherical; for all things touch and are continuous with the spheres.
ἔτι δὲ ἐπεὶ φαίνεται καὶ ὑπόκειται κύκλῳ περιφέρεσθαι τὸ πᾶν, δέδειται δʼ ὅτι τῆς ἐσχάτης περιφορᾶς οὔτε κενόν ἐστιν ἔξωθεν οὔτε τόπος, ἀνάγκη καὶ διὰ ταῦτα σφαιροειδῆ εἶναι αὐτόν.
Furthermore, since the universe is observed and assumed to revolve in a circle, and it has been shown that outside the outermost revolution there is neither void nor place, for these reasons too it is necessary that the heaven itself is spherical.