§2.11#1Περὶ δὲ τοῦ ἁπτοῦ καὶ περὶ ἁφῆς ὁ αὐτὸς λόγος·
Regarding the tangible and touch, the same account holds.
εἰ γὰρ ἡ ἁφὴ μὴ μία ἐστὶν αἴσθησις ἀλλὰ πλείους, ἀναγκαῖον καὶ τὰ ἁπτὰ αἰσθητὰ πλείω εἶναι.
For if touch is not one sense but more, the tangible objects of sense must also be more.
ἔχει δʼ ἀπορίαν πότερον πλείους εἰσὶν ἢ μία, καὶ τί τὸ αἰσθητήριον τὸ τοῦ ἁπτικοῦ, πότερον ἡ σὰρξ καὶ ἐν τοῖς ἄλλοις τὸ ἀνάλογον, ἢ οὔ, ἀλλὰ τοῦτο μέν ἐστι τὸ μεταξύ, τὸ δὲ πρῶτον αἰσθητήριον ἄλλο τί ἐστιν ἐντός.
And there is a difficulty whether they are more or one, and what is the sense organ of the faculty of touch, whether it is the flesh and in other animals its analogue, or not, but this is the medium, and the primary sense organ is something else inside.
πᾶσα γὰρ αἴσθησις μιᾶς ἐναντιώσεως εἶναι δοκεῖ, οἷον ὄψις λευκοῦ καὶ μέλανος, καὶ ἀκοὴ ὀξέος καὶ βαρέος, καὶ γεῦσις πικροῦ καὶ χλυκέος· ἐν δὲ τῷ ἁπτῷ πολλαὶ ἔνεισιν ἐναντιώσεις, θερμὸν ψυχρόν, ξηρὸν ὑγρόν, σκληρὸν μαλακόν, καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ὅσα τοιαῦτα.
For every sense seems to be of a single opposition, e.g., sight of white and black, hearing of high and low pitch, taste of bitter and sweet; but in the tangible there are many oppositions, hot and cold, dry and wet, hard and soft, and as many others of this kind.
ἔχει δέ τινα λύσιν πρός γε ταύτην τὴν ἀπορίαν, ὅτι καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων αἰσθήσεων εἰσὶν ἐναντιώσεις πλείους, οἶον ἐν φωνῇ οὐ μόνον ὀξύτης καὶ βαρύτης, ἀλλὰ καὶ μέγεθος καὶ μικρότης, καὶ λειότης καὶ τραχύτης φωνῆς, καὶ τοιαῦθʼ ἕτερα.
Yet there is a certain solution, at least for this difficulty, in that in the other senses too there are more oppositions, for instance in voice not only high and low pitch, but also loudness and softness, and smoothness and roughness of voice, and other such things.
εἰσὶ δὲ καὶ περὶ χρῶμα διαφοραὶ τοιαῦται ἕτεραι.
And there are also other such differences concerning color.
ἀλλὰ τί τὸ ἓν τὸ ὑποκείμενον, ὥσπερ ἀκοῇ ψόφος, οὕτω τῇ ἁφῇ, οὐκ ἔστιν ἔνδηλον.
But what the single underlying thing is, as sound is to hearing, so to touch, is not clear.
πότερον δʼ ἐστὶ τὸ αἰσθητήριον ἐντός, ἢ οὔ, ἀλλʼ εὐθέως ἡ σάρξ, οὐδὲν δοκεῖ σημεῖον εἶναι τὸ γίνεσθαι τὴν αἴσθησιν ἅμα θιγγανομένων.
As to whether the sense organ is inside, or not, but immediately the flesh, the fact that perception occurs simultaneously with touching seems to be no sign.
καὶ γὰρ νῦν εἴ τις περὶ τὴν σάρκα περιτείνειεν οἷον ὑμένα ποιήσας, ὁμοίως τὴν αἴσθησιν εὐθέως ἁψάμενος ἐνσημαίνει· καίτοι δῆλον ὡς οὐκ ἔστιν ἐν τούτῳ τὸ αἰσθητήριον· εἰ δὲ καὶ συμφυὴς γένοιτο, θᾶττον ἔτι διικνοῖτʼ ἂν ἡ αἴσθησις.
For even now, if someone were to stretch a sort of membrane around the flesh, it would similarly indicate the perception immediately upon touching; and yet it is clear that the sense organ is not in this; and if it were even connate, the perception would penetrate still faster.
διὸ τὸ τοιοῦτον μόριον τοῦ σώματος ἔοικεν οὕτως ἔχειν ὥσπερ ἂν εἰ κύκλῳ ἡμῖν περιεπεφύκει ὁ ἀήρ· ἐδοκοῦμεν γὰρ ἂν ἑνί τινι αἰσθάνεσθαι καὶ ψόφου καὶ χρώματος καὶ ὀσμῆς, καὶ μία τις αἴσθησις εἶναι ὄψις ἀκοὴ ὄσφρησις.
Wherefore, such a part of the body seems to be in the same state as if air had grown around us in a circle; for we should have seemed to perceive sound and color and smell by some single thing, and sight, hearing, and smell to be some single sense.
νῦν δὲ διὰ τὸ διωρίσθαι διʼ οὗ γίνονται αἱ κινήσεις, φανερὰ τὰ εἰρημένα αἰσθητήρια ἕτερα ὄντα.
But as it is, because that through which the movements take place is distinct, the aforesaid sense organs are manifestly different.
ἐπὶ δὲ τῆς ἁφῆς τοῦτο νῦν ἄδηλον· ἐξ ἀέρος μὲν γὰρ ἢ ὕδατος ἀδύνατον συστῆναι τὸ ἔμψυχον σῶμα· δεῖ γάρ τι στερεὸν εἶναι.
But in the case of touch, this is at present unclear; for it is impossible for the animate body to consist of air or water; for it must be something solid.
λείπεται δὴ μικτὸν ἐκ γῆς καὶ τούτων εἶναι, οἷον βούλεται εἶναι ἡ σὰρξ καὶ τὸ ἀνάλογον· ὥστε ἀναγκαῖον τὸ σῶμα εἶναι τὸ μεταξὺ τοῦ ἁπτικοῦ προσπεφυκός, διʼ οὗ γίνονται αἱ αἰσθήσεις πλείους οὖσαι.
It remains, then, for it to be a mixture of earth and these, as the flesh and its analogue intend to be; so that the body must be the medium naturally attached to the tactile faculty, through which the perceptions, being many, take place.
δηλοῖ δʼ ὅτι πλείους ἡ ἐπὶ τῆς γλώττης ἁφή· ἁπάντων γὰρ τῶν ἁπτῶν αἰσθάνεται κατὰ τὸ αὐτὸ μόριον καὶ χυμοῦ.
And that they are many is shown by the touch on the tongue; for it perceives all tangible things and juice at the same part.
εἰ μὲν οὖν καὶ ἡ ἄλλη σὰρξ ᾐσθάνετο τοῦ χυμοῦ, ἐδόκει ἂν ἡ αὐτὴ καὶ μία εἶναι αἴσθησις ἡ γεῦσις καὶ ἡ ἁφή· νῦν δὲ δύο διὰ τὸ μὴ ἀντιστρέφειν.
If, then, the rest of the flesh also perceived juice, taste and touch would have seemed to be the same and a single sense; but as it is, they are two because they are not convertible.