§1.1.11#2Εἰ μὲν οὖν οἱ ὅροι καθόλου πρὸς τὸ μέσον εἰσίν, εἴρηται πότε ἔσται τὸ συμπέρασμα ἀναγκαῖον· εἰ δʼ ὁ μὲν καθόλου ὁ δʼ ἐν μέρει, κατηγορικῶν μὲν ὄντων ἀμφοτέρων, ὅταν τὸ καθόλου γένηται ἀναγκαῖον, καὶ τὸ συμπέρασμα ἔσται ἀναγκαῖον.
If, then, the terms are universal in relation to the middle term, it has been said when the conclusion will be necessary; but if one is universal and the other particular, when both premises are affirmative, if the universal becomes necessary, the conclusion will also be necessary.
ἀπόδειξις δʼ ἡ αὐτὴ ἣ καὶ πρότερον· ἀντιστρέφει γὰρ καὶ τὸ ἐν μέρει κατηγορικόν.
The proof is the same as before; for the particular affirmative also converts.
εἰ οὖν ἀνάγκη τὸ Β παντὶ τῷ Γ ὑπάρχειν, τὸ δὲ ὑπὸ τὸ Γ ἐστίν, ἀνάγκη τὸ Β τινὶ τῷ Α ὑπάρχειν.
If, then, B must belong to every Γ of necessity, and the other [A] is under Γ, B must belong to some A of necessity.
εἰ δὲ τὸ Β τῷ τινί, καὶ τὸ Α τῷ Β τινὶ ὑπάρχειν ἀναγκαῖον· ἀντιστρέφει γάρ.
And if B belongs to some [A], A must also belong to some B of necessity; for it converts.
ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ εἰ τὸ Α Γ εἴη ἀναγκαῖον καθόλου ὄν τὸ γὰρ Β ὑπὸ τὸ Γ ἐστίν.
Similarly also if A Γ should be necessary and universal; for B is under Γ.
εἰ δὲ. τὸ ἐν μέρει ἐστὶν ἀναγκαῖον, οὐκ ἔσται τὸ συμπέρασμα ἀναγκαῖον.
But if the particular premise is necessary, the conclusion will not be necessary.
ἔστω γὰρ τὸ Β Γ ἐν μέρει τε καὶ ἀναγκαῖον, τὸ δὲ Α παντὶ τῷ Γ ὑπαρχέτω, μὴ μέντοι ἐξ ἀνάγκης.
For let BΓ be particular and necessary, and let A belong to every Γ, but not of necessity.
ἀντιστραφέντος οὖν τοῦ Β Γ τὸ πρῶτον γίγνεται σχῆμα, καὶ ἡ μὲν καθόλου πρότασις οὐκ ἀναγκαία, ἡ δʼ ἐν μέρει ἀναγκαία.
Therefore, when BΓ is converted, the first figure comes about, and the universal premise is not necessary, while the particular is necessary.
ὅτε δʼ οὕτως ἔχοιεν αἱ προτάσεις, οὐκ ἦν τὸ συμπέρασμα ἀναγκαῖον, ὥστʼ οὐδʼ ἐπὶ τούτων.
But when the premises were in this state, the conclusion was not necessary, so that neither is it in these cases.
ἔτι δὲ καὶ ἐκ τῶν ὅρων φανερόν.
Further, it is also clear from the terms.
ἔστω γὰρ τὸ μὲν Α ἐγρήγορσις, τὸ δὲ Β δίπουν, ἐφʼ ᾧ δὲ τὸ Γ ζῷον.
For let A be waking, B two-footed, and Γ animal.
τὸ μὲν οὖν Β τινὶ τῷ Γ ἀνάγκη ὑπάρχειν, τὸ δὲ Α τῷ Γ ἐνδέχεται, καὶ τὸ Α τῷ Β οὐκ ἀναγκαῖον· οὐ γὰρ ἀνάγκη δίπουν τι καθεύδειν ἢ ἐγρηγορέναι.
It is necessary, then, for B to belong to some Γ, but A can belong to Γ, and A belonging to B is not necessary; for it is not necessary for some two-footed thing to be asleep or awake.
ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ διὰ τῶν αὐτῶν ὅρων δειχθήσεται καὶ εἰ τὸ Α Γ εἴη ἐν μέρει τε καὶ ἀναγκαῖον.
Similarly, and through the same terms, it will also be shown if AΓ should be particular and necessary.
Εἰ δʼ ὁ μὲν κατηγορικός ὁ δὲ στερητικός τῶν ὅρων, ὅταν μὲν ᾖ τὸ καθόλου στερητικόν τε καὶ ἀναγκαῖον, καὶ τὸ συμπέρασμα ἔσται ἀναγκαῖον· εἰ γὰρ τὸ τῷ Γ μηδενὶ ἐνδέχεται, τὸ δὲ Β τινὶ τῷ Γ ὑπάρχει, τὸ Α τινὶ τῷ Β ἀνάγκη μὴ ὑπάρχειν.
But if one of the premises is affirmative and the other privative, when the universal is both privative and necessary, the conclusion will also be necessary; for if [A] cannot belong to any Γ, and B belongs to some Γ, A must not belong to some B of necessity.
ὅταν δὲ τὸ καταφατικόν ἀναγκαῖον τεθῇ, ἢ καθόλου ὂν ἢ ἐν μέρει, ἢ τὸ στερητικόν κατὰ μέρος, οὐκ ἔσται τὸ συμπέρασμα ἀναγκαῖον.
But when the affirmative is assumed to be necessary, whether being universal or particular, or the privative is particular, the conclusion will not be necessary.
τὰ μὲν γὰρ ἄλλα ταὐτὰ ἃ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν πρότερον ἐροῦμεν, ὅροι δʼ ὅταν μὲν ᾖ καθόλου τὸ κατηγορικόν ἀναγκαῖον, ἐγρήγορσις–ζῶον–ἄνθρωπος, μέσον ἄνθρωπος, ὅταν δʼ ἐν μέρει τό κατηγορικόν ἀναγκαῖον, ἐγρήγορσις–ζῷον–λευκόν· ζῷον μὲν γὰρ ἀνάγκη τινὶ λευκῷ ὑπάρχειν, ἐγρήγορσις δʼ ἐνδέχεται μηδενί, καὶ οὐκ ἀνάγκη τινὶ ζῴῳ μὴ ὑπάρχειν ἐγρήγορσιν.
For the other things are the same as those we shall say in the case of the previous ones, and the terms, when the affirmative universal is necessary, are waking–animal–human, with human as the middle term, and when the affirmative particular is necessary, waking–animal–white; for animal must belong to some white of necessity, but waking can belong to none, and it is not necessary for waking not to belong to some animal.
ὅταν δὲ τὸ στερητικόν ἐν μέρει ὂν ἀναγκαῖον ᾖ, δίπουν–κινούμενον–ζῷον, μέσον ζῷον.
And when the privative, being particular, is necessary, two-footed–moving–animal, with animal as the middle term.