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Dionysius of Halicarnassus · Roman Antiquities §8.69.1-8.69.4

Cassius' Triumph and Proposed Land Distribution

Passage 647 of 962 · Greek

Summary

Cassius demands a triumph against the Senate's wishes, makes a treaty with the Hernicians equal to that of the Latins, and attempts to distribute public land to win favor. However, by trying to include the allies, he triggers a severe internal conflict.

§8.69.1ταῦτα τῆς βουλῆς ψηφισαμένης ἀναστρέψας εἰς τὴν πόλιν ὁ Κάσσιος θρίαμβον κατάγειν ἠξίου δεύτερον ὡς τὰ μέγιστα τῶν ἐθνῶν κεχειρωμένος, χάριτι μᾶλλον ἁρπάζων τὸ τίμιον ἢ τῷ δικαίῳ λαμβάνων, ὃς οὔτε πόλεις κατὰ κράτος ἑλὼν ἐκ τειχομαχίας, οὔτʼ ἐν ὑπαίθρῳ μάχῃ στρατιὰν πολεμίων τρεψάμενος αἰχμάλωτα καὶ σκῦλα, οἷς κοσμεῖται θρίαμβος, ἔμελλε κατάγειν.
When the senate had passed this vote, Cassius, having returned to the city, demanded to celebrate a second triumph, as if he had subdued the greatest of nations, snatching at the honor by favor rather than receiving it by right, since he, who had neither taken cities by storm in siege warfare nor put an enemy army to flight in an open battle, was not even going to bring back captives and spoils, with which a triumph is adorned.
τοιγάρτοι δόξαν αὐθαδείας καὶ τοῦ μηδὲν ἔτι τῶν ὁμοίων τοῖς ἄλλοις φρονεῖν τοῦτο τὸ ἔργον αὐτῷ πρῶτον ἤνεγκε.
Therefore, this action first brought him a reputation for arrogance and for no longer thinking like his peers.
§8.69.2διαπραξάμενος δὲ τὸν θρίαμβον αὑτῷ δοθῆναι τὰς πρὸς Ἕρνικας ἐξήνεγκεν ὁμολογίας·
And having managed to have the triumph granted to himself, he published the treaty made with the Hernicians.
αὗται δʼ ἦσαν ἀντίγραφοι τῶν πρὸς Λατίνους γενομένων, ἐφʼ αἷς πάνυ ἤχθοντο οἱ πρεσβύτατοί τε καὶ τιμιώτατοι καὶ διʼ ὑποψίας αὐτὸν ἐλάμβανον οὐκ ἀξιοῦντες τῆς ἴσης τιμῆς τοῖς συγγενέσι Λατίνοις τοὺς ἀλλοεθνεῖς Ἕρνικας τυγχάνειν, οὐδὲ τοῖς πολλὰ εὐνοίας ἔργα ἐπιδειξαμένοις τοὺς μηδʼ ὁτιοῦν ἀγαθὸν δεδρακότας τῶν αὐτῶν φιλανθρώπων μετέχειν, τῇ τε ὑπεροψίᾳ τοῦ ἀνδρὸς ἀχθόμενοι, ὃς ὑπὸ τῆς βουλῆς τιμηθεὶς οὐκ ἀντετίμησεν αὐτὴν τοῖς ἴσοις, οὐδὲ μετὰ κοινῆς γνώμης τῶν συνέδρων, ἀλλʼ ὡς αὐτῷ ἐδόκει γράψας ἐξήνεγκε τὰς ὁμολογίας.
This was a copy of the treaty made with the Latins, at which the oldest and most honored men were greatly vexed and began to view him with suspicion, deeming it unfit that the alien Hernicians should obtain the same honor as the kindred Latins, nor that those who had done nothing good should share in the same privileges as those who had shown many acts of goodwill; they were also vexed by the arrogance of the man, who, though honored by the senate, did not honor it in return with equal respect, and had published the treaty after drafting it as he pleased, rather than with the common consent of the senators.
§8.69.3ἦν τʼ ἄρα τὸ ἐν πολλοῖς εὐτυχεῖν σφαλερὸν ἀνθρώπῳ χρῆμα καὶ ἀσύμφορον· αὐχήματός τε γὰρ ἀνοήτου πολλοῖς αἴτιον γενόμενον λανθάνει καὶ ἐπιθυμιῶν ἀρχηγὸν ἐκβαινουσῶν τὴν ἀνθρωπίνην φύσιν·
It seems, indeed, that to be successful in many things is a treacherous and unprofitable thing for a man; for, without their realizing it, it becomes the cause of foolish pride for many, and the source of desires that exceed human nature.
ὃ καὶ τῷ ἀνδρὶ ἐκείνῳ συνέβη.
This indeed is what happened to that man.
τρισὶ γὰρ ὑπατείαις καὶ δυσὶ θριάμβοις μόνος τῶν τότε ἀνθρώπων ὑπὸ τῆς πόλεως τετιμημένος σεμνότερον ἑαυτὸν ἦγε καὶ μοναρχικῆς ἐξουσίας ἐλάμβανε πόθον·
For, having been honored by the state with three consulships and two triumphs, alone among the men of his time, he conducted himself with greater haughtiness and conceived a desire for monarchical power.
ἐνθυμούμενος δʼ ὅτι τοῖς βασιλείας ἢ τυραννίδος ἐφιεμένοις ῥᾴστη τε καὶ ἀσφαλεστάτη πασῶν ἐστιν ὁδὸς ἡ τὸ πλῆθος εὐεργεσίαις τισὶν ὑπαγομένη καὶ ἐκ τῶν χειρῶν τοῦ διδόντος τὰ κοινὰ σιτεῖσθαι ἐθίζουσα, ταύτην ἐτράπετο· καὶ αὐτίκα οὐθενὶ προειπών· ἦν γάρ τις χώρα δημοσία πολλὴ παρημελημένη τε καὶ ὑπὸ τῶν εὐπορωτάτων κατεχομένη, ταύτην ἔγνω τῷ δήμῳ διανέμειν.
And reflecting that for those who aim at kingship or tyranny, the easiest and safest path of all is the one that wins over the multitude by certain benefits and accustoms them to feed upon the public wealth from the hand of the giver, he turned to this path; and immediately, without forewarning anyone—for there was a large amount of public land that was neglected and held by the wealthiest citizens—he resolved to distribute this among the people.
§8.69.4καὶ εἰ μὲν ἄχρι τοῦδʼ ἐλθὼν ἠρκέσθη, τάχʼ ἂν αὐτῷ κατὰ νοῦν τὸ ἔργον ἐχώρησε· νῦν δὲ πλειόνων ὀρεγόμενος στάσιν οὐ μικρὰν ἤγειρεν, ἐξ ἧς οὐκ εὐτυχὲς τὸ τέλος αὐτῷ συνέβη.
And if he had been satisfied with going only this far, perhaps his undertaking would have succeeded according to his mind; but as it was, by aiming at more, he stirred up no small sedition, from which an unhappy end befell him.
Λατίνους τε γὰρ ἠξίου τῇ καταγραφῇ τῆς χώρας συμπεριλαμβάνειν καὶ τοὺς νεωστὶ προσληφθέντας εἰς τὴν πολιτείαν Ἕρνικας οἰκεῖα ἑαυτῷ παρασκευάσας τὰ ἔθνη.
For he demanded that the Latins be included in the enrollment of the land, as well as the Hernicians who had recently been admitted to citizenship, thus making these nations loyal to himself.

Notes

  1. 1674ὡς τὰ μέγιστα τῶν ἐθνῶν κεχειρωμένος — The combination of ὡς and the perfect passive participle represents Cassius's own subjective claim or pretext for celebrating a triumph despite not having achieved a significant victory.
  2. 8.69.1ὃς οὔτε πόλεις ... ἔμελλε κατάγειν — In the clause introduced by the relative pronoun ὃς (referring to Cassius), the auxiliary verb ἔμελλε is joined with the infinitive κατάγειν to explain why his demand was unreasonable, highlighting the complete absence of tangible achievements to adorn a triumph.
  3. 1675ὑπὸ τῆς βουλῆς τιμηθεὶς οὐκ ἀντετίμησεν αὐτὴν τοῖς ἴσοις — The verb ἀντετίμησεν means 'to honor in return.' It points out Cassius's insolence: though the senate showed him honor and trust by granting him treaty-making powers, he failed to return that respect by ignoring their collective advice and drafting the treaty as he pleased.
  4. 1676ἦν γάρ τις χώρα δημοσία ... ταύτην ἔγνω — An explanatory parenthetical sentence (ἦν γάρ...) is inserted between the introductory phrase (καὶ αὐτίκα οὐθενὶ προειπών) and the main verb (ἔγνω). To clarify the sentence structure, ταύτην resumes the preceding public land (χώρα δημοσία) as a demonstrative pronoun.
  5. p.v.3p.232οἰκεῖα ἑαυτῷ παρασκευάσας τὰ ἔθνη — The aorist participle παρασκευάσας is used adverbially to denote the purpose, intention, or means associated with the main verb ἠξίου (demanded). οἰκεῖα is in a predicate position, meaning 'as his own' or 'loyal to himself' ('in order to make these nations loyal to himself').

Cite this passage

Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities §8.69.1-8.69.4. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0081.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:8.69.1-8.69.4

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