§5.73.1οὗτος πρῶτος ἐν Ῥώμῃ μόναρχος ἀπεδείχθη πολέμου τε καὶ εἰρήνης καὶ παντὸς ἄλλου πράγματος αὐτοκράτωρ.
This man was appointed the first monarch in Rome, with absolute power over war, peace, and every other matter.
ὄνομα δʼ αὐτῷ τίθενται δικτάτορα, εἴτε διὰ τὴν ἐξουσίαν τοῦ κελεύειν, ὅτι θέλοι, καὶ τάττειν τὰ δίκαιά τε καὶ τὰ καλὰ τοῖς ἄλλοις, ὡς ἂν αὐτῷ δοκῇ· τὰ γὰρ ἐπιτάγματα καὶ τὰς διαγραφὰς τῶν δικαίων τε καὶ ἀδίκων ἠδίκτα οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι καλοῦσιν· εἴτε ὥς τινες γράφουσι διὰ τὴν τότε γενομένην ἀνάρρησιν, ἐπειδὴ οὐ παρὰ τοῦ δήμου τὴν ἀρχὴν εὑρόμενος κατὰ τοὺς πατρίους ἐθισμοὺς ἕξειν ἔμελλεν, §5.73.2ἀλλʼ ὑπʼ ἀνδρὸς ἀποδειχθεὶς ἑνός.
They gave him the name of "dictator," either because of his authority to command whatever he wished, and to prescribe what is just and honorable to others as it seemed good to him—for the Romans call commands and the regulations of what is just and unjust "edicta"—or, as some write, because of the announcement made at that time, since he was not going to hold the office by having obtained it from the people according to ancestral customs, but by having been appointed by one man.
οὐ γὰρ ᾤοντο δεῖν ἐπίφθονον ὄνομα καὶ βαρὺ θέσθαι τινὶ ἀρχῇ πόλιν ἐλευθέραν ἐπιτροπευούσῃ, τῶν τε ἀρχομένων ἕνεκα, ἵνα μηθὲν ἐπὶ ταῖς μισουμέναις προσηγορίαις ἐκταράττωνται, καὶ τῶν παραλαμβανόντων τὰς ἀρχὰς προνοίᾳ, μή τι λάθωσιν ἢ παθόντες ὑφʼ ἑτέρων πλημμελὲς ἢ δράσαντες αὐτοὶ τοὺς πέλας, ὧν φέρουσιν αἱ τοιαῦται δυναστεῖαι· ἐπεὶ τό γε τῆς ἐξουσίας μέγεθος, ἧς ὁ δικτάτωρ ἔχει, ἥκιστα δηλοῦται ὑπὸ τοῦ ὀνόματος·
For they did not think it proper to give an invidious and oppressive name to an office that governed a free city, both for the sake of the governed, so that they might not be disturbed at all by hated names, and out of consideration for those who received the offices, lest they should, without realizing it, either suffer some wrong from others or themselves inflict it upon their neighbors, such as these absolute powers bring with them; since the very magnitude of the power which the dictator possesses is least of all made clear by his name.
§5.73.3ἔστι γὰρ αἱρετὴ τυραννὶς ἡ δικτατορία.
For the dictatorship is indeed an elective tyranny.
δοκοῦσι δέ μοι καὶ τοῦτο παρʼ Ἑλλήνων οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι τὸ πολίτευμα λαβεῖν.
And it seems to me that the Romans took this institution also from the Greeks.
οἱ γὰρ Αἰσυμνῆται καλούμενοι παρʼ Ἕλλησι τὸ ἀρχαῖον, ὡς ἐν τοῖς περὶ βασιλείας ἱστορεῖ Θεόφραστος, αἱρετοί τινες ἦσαν τύραννοι· ᾑροῦντο δʼ αὐτοὺς αἱ πόλεις οὔτʼ εἰς ὁριστὸν χρόνον οὔτε συνεχῶς, ἀλλὰ πρὸς τοὺς καιρούς, ὁπότε δόξειε συμφέρειν, καὶ εἰς ὁποσονοῦν χρόνον· ὥσπερ καὶ Μιτυληναῖοί ποθʼ εἵλοντο Πιττακὸν πρὸς τοὺς φυγάδας τοὺς περὶ Ἀλκαῖον τὸν ποιητήν.
For those who were called "aesymnetes" among the Greeks in ancient times, as Theophrastus records in his treatise "On Kingship," were a kind of elective tyrants; and the cities chose them neither for a fixed time nor continuously, but for the occasions when it seemed advantageous, and for any length of time whatsoever, just as the Mytilenaeans once chose Pittacus against the exiles led by the poet Alcaeus.