§5.74.1ἦλθον δʼ ἐπὶ τοῦτο οἱ πρῶτοι διδαχθέντες τῇ πείρᾳ τὸ χρήσιμον.
And those who were first taught by experience what was useful came to this institution.
κατʼ ἀρχὰς μὲν γὰρ ἅπασα πόλις Ἑλλὰς ἐβασιλεύετο, πλὴν οὐχ ὥσπερ τὰ βάρβαρα ἔθνη δεσποτικῶς, ἀλλὰ κατὰ νόμους τινὰς καὶ ἐθισμοὺς πατρίους· καὶ κράτιστος ἦν βασιλεὺς ὁ δικαιότατός τε καὶ νομιμώτατος καὶ μηθὲν ἐκδιαιτώμενος τῶν πατρίων.
For in the beginning, every Greek city was ruled by a king, yet not despotically like the barbarian nations, but according to certain laws and ancestral customs; and the best king was the one who was most just, most law-abiding, and who deviated in no way from ancestral customs.
§5.74.2δηλοῖ δὲ καὶ Ὅμηρος δικασπόλους τε καλῶν τοὺς βασιλεῖς καὶ θεμιστοπόλους. καὶ μέχρι πολλοῦ διέμενον ἐπὶ ῥητοῖς τισιν αἱ βασιλεῖαι διοικούμεναι, καθάπερ ἡ Λακεδαιμονίων· ἀρξαμένων δέ τινων ἐν ταῖς ἐξουσίαις πλημμελεῖν καὶ νόμοις μὲν ὀλίγα χρωμένων, ταῖς δʼ ἑαυτῶν γνώμαις τὰ πολλὰ διοικούντων, δυσχεράναντες ὅλον τὸ πρᾶγμα οἱ πολλοὶ κατέλυσαν μὲν τὰ βασιλικὰ πολιτεύματα, νόμους δὲ καταστησάμενοι καὶ ἀρχὰς ἀποδείξαντες, ταύταις ἐχρῶντο τῶν πόλεων φυλακαῖς.
Homer also shows this by calling the kings "dispensers of justice" and "guardians of the laws." And for a long time the kingdoms continued to be administered under certain specified conditions, just like that of the Lacedaemonians; but when some of those in power began to transgress and, making little use of the laws, administered most affairs according to their own wills, the majority of the people, growing disgusted with the whole business, abolished the royal governments, and having established laws and appointed magistrates, they used these as the guardians of their cities.
§5.74.3ἐπεὶ δʼ οὐκ αὐτάρκεις ἦσαν οὔτε οἱ τεθέντες ὑπʼ αὐτῶν νόμοι βεβαιοῦν τὸ δίκαιον οὔτε οἱ τὰς ἀρχὰς καὶ τὰς ἐπιμελείας αὐτῶν λαμβάνοντες βοηθεῖν τοῖς νόμοις, οἵ τε καιροὶ πολλὰ νεοχμοῦντες οὐ τὰ κράτιστα τῶν πολιτευμάτων, ἀλλὰ τὰ πρεπωδέστατα ταῖς καταλαμβανούσαις αὐτοὺς συντυχίαις ἠνάγκαζον αἱρεῖσθαι, οὐ μόνον ἐν ταῖς ἀβουλήτοις συμφοραῖς, ἀλλὰ κἀν ταῖς ὑπερβαλλούσαις τὸ μέτριον εὐτυχίαις, διαφθειρομένων διʼ αὐτὰς τῶν πολιτικῶν κόσμων, οἷς ἐπανορθώσεως ταχείας καὶ αὐτογνώμονος ἔδει, ἠναγκάζοντο παράγειν πάλιν τὰς βασιλικὰς καὶ τυραννικὰς ἐξουσίας εἰς μέσον, ὀνόμασι περικαλύπτοντες αὐτὰς εὐπρεπεστέροις, Θετταλοὶ μὲν ἀρχούς, Λακεδαιμόνιοι δʼ ἁρμοστὰς καλοῦντες, φοβούμενοι τυράννους ἢ βασιλεῖς αὐτοὺς καλεῖν, ὡς οὐδʼ ὅσιον σφίσιν ὑπάρχον, ἃς κατέλυσαν ἐξουσίας ὅρκοις καὶ ἀραῖς ἐπιθεσπισάντων §5.74.4θεῶν, ταύτας πάλιν ἐμπεδοῦν.
But since neither the laws established by them were sufficient to secure justice, nor were those who received the offices and their care sufficient to support the laws, and since the times, bringing many changes, forced them to choose not the best of constitutions but those most suitable for the circumstances that befell them—not only in unlooked-for misfortunes but also in prosperity that exceeded moderation, whereby the civic orders were ruined, which stood in need of rapid and independent correction—they were forced to bring back into the open the royal and tyrannical powers, cloaking them under more honorable names, the Thessalians calling them "archoi" and the Lacedaemonians "harmostai," fearing to call them tyrants or kings, as if it were not even impious for them to establish again those powers which they had abolished with oaths and curses, while the oracle was given by the gods, to re-establish these.
ἐμοὶ μὲν δὴ παρὰ τῶν Ἑλλήνων δοκοῦσι Ῥωμαῖοι τὸ παράδειγμα λαβεῖν, ὥσπερ ἔφην, Λικίννιος δὲ παρʼ Ἀλβανῶν οἴεται τὸν δικτάτορα Ῥωμαίους εἰληφέναι, τούτους λέγων πρώτους μετὰ τὸν Ἀμολίου καὶ Νεμέτορος θάνατον ἐκλιπούσης τῆς βασιλικῆς συγγενείας ἐνιαυσίους ἄρχοντας ἀποδεῖξαι τὴν αὐτὴν ἔχοντας ἐξουσίαν τοῖς βασιλεῦσι, καλεῖν δʼ αὐτοὺς δικτάτορας·
For my part, as I said, the Romans seem to me to have taken the example from the Greeks; but Licinius thinks that the Romans took the dictator from the Albans, saying that they were the first, after the death of Amulius and Numitor, when the royal family had failed, to appoint annual magistrates holding the same power as the kings, and to call them dictators.
ἐγὼ δʼ οὐ τοὔνομα ζητεῖν ἠξίουν, πόθεν ἡ Ῥωμαίων πόλις ἔλαβεν, ἀλλὰ τὸ τῆς ἐξουσίας τῆς περιλαμβανομένης τῷ ὀνόματι παράδειγμα.
But I did not think it proper to seek from where the city of Rome got the name, but rather the example of the power contained in the name.
ἀλλʼ ὑπὲρ μὲν τούτων οὐθὲν ἂν εἴη τάχα προὔργου τὰ πλείω γράφειν.
However, about these things there would perhaps be no advantage in writing further.