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Dionysius of Halicarnassus · Roman Antiquities §5.64.1-5.64.3

Marcus Valerius's Proposal for Debt Relief in the Senate

Passage 393 of 962 · Greek

Summary

Marcus Valerius argues in the senate that the debts of the poor should be remitted to win their loyalty. He warns of the danger of the people abandoning the city or joining the tyrants, advising that safety must be prioritized over decorum in emergencies.

§5.64.1ἦν δʼ ὁ ταύτης ἡγούμενος τῆς γνώμης Μάρκος Οὐαλέριος, υἱὸς Ποπλίου Οὐαλερίου, ἑνὸς τῶν καταλυσάντων τὴν τυραννίδα, τοῦ κληθέντος διὰ τὴν εἰς τὸ δημοτικὸν εὔνοιαν Ποπλικόλα, διδάσκων αὐτούς, ὅτι τοῖς μὲν ὑπὲρ τῶν ἴσων ἀγωνιζομένοις ἴσαι φιλοῦσιν ἐμφύεσθαι πρὸς τὰ ἔργα φιλοτιμίαι, τοῖς δὲ μηδὲν ἀπολαύειν μέλλουσιν ἀγαθὸν οὐδὲν ἐπέρχεται φρονεῖν γενναῖον· ἠρεθίσθαι τε λέγων ἅπαντας τοὺς ἀπόρους καὶ περιιόντας κατὰ τὴν ἀγορὰν λέγειν· §5.64.2τί δʼ ἡμῖν ἔσται πλέον, ἐὰν νικήσωμεν τοὺς ἔξωθεν πολεμίους, εἰ τοῖς δανεισταῖς ἀγώγιμοι πρὸς τὰ χρέα γενησόμεθα καὶ τῇ πόλει τὴν ἡγεμονίαν κατασκευάσαντες αὐτοὶ μηδὲ τὴν ἐλευθερίαν τοῖς σώμασι φυλάξαι δυνησόμεθα; κίνδυνόν τʼ οὐ τοῦτον μόνον ἐπαχθῆναι σφίσιν ἀποφαίνων, ἐὰν ἐκπολεμωθῇ πρὸς τὴν βουλὴν ὁ δῆμος, μὴ καταλίπῃ τὴν πόλιν ἐν τοῖς κινδύνοις, ὃ πάντας ὀρρωδεῖν χρὴ τοὺς τὰ κοινὰ σώζεσθαι βουλομένους, ἀλλὰ κἀκεῖνον τὸν ἔτι τούτου χαλεπώτερον, μὴ ταῖς παρὰ τῶν τυράννων φιλανθρωπίαις ἐξαπατηθεὶς κατὰ τῶν πατρικίων ἄρηται τὰ ὅπλα §5.64.3καὶ συγκαταγάγῃ Ταρκύνιον ἐπὶ τὴν ἀρχήν.
The leader of this opinion was Marcus Valerius, son of Publius Valerius, one of those who had overthrown the tyranny, who had been called Poplicola because of his goodwill toward the common people. He instructed them that while those who fight for equal rights are naturally filled with an equal ambition for their tasks, those who expect to enjoy no benefit are never moved to think noble thoughts; and he said that all the poor were resentful and were going about the forum saying: "What advantage shall we gain, even if we defeat the enemies from without, if we are to be delivered up to our creditors for our debts, and if, after establishing the supremacy for the city, we ourselves cannot even protect the freedom of our persons?" And he pointed out that they were threatened not only by this grievous danger—that the people, if driven into hostility with the senate, might abandon the city in its dangers (a thing which all who wish the common safety to be preserved must dread)—but also by that other danger still more severe than this, namely, that the people, deceived by the kindnesses offered by the tyrants, might take up arms against the patricians and help to restore Tarquinius to power.
ἕως οὖν ἔτι λόγους καὶ ἀπειλὰς εἶναι, πονηρὸν δʼ ἔργον μηδὲν ὑπὸ τοῦ δήμου γεγονέναι, φθάσαι τῇ βοηθείᾳ ταύτῃ τὸν δῆμον εἰς τὰ πράγματα προοικειωσαμένους παρῄνει, οὔτε πρώτους τὸ πολίτευμα τοῦτο καθισταμένους οὔτε αἰσχύνην τινὰ διʼ αὐτὸ μεγάλην ὀφλήσοντας, ἀλλὰ πολλοὺς ἔχοντας ἐπιδεῖξαι καὶ τοῦτο ὑπομείναντας καὶ ἄλλα πολλῷ τούτου χαλεπώτερα, ὅταν μηθὲν ἐξῇ πράττειν ἕτερον· τὰς γὰρ ἀνάγκας κρείττους εἶναι τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης φύσεως, καὶ τὸ εὐπρεπὲς τότε ἀξιοῦν ἅπαντας σκοπεῖν, ὅταν ἔχωσιν ἤδη τὸ ἀσφαλές.
Therefore, while it was still only a matter of words and threats, and no hostile deed had yet been committed by the people, he advised them to forestall them by gaining the people's attachment to the state beforehand by this relief, pointing out that they were neither the first to establish this policy nor would they incur any great disgrace on account of it, but could point to many who had submitted to this and to other things far more difficult than this, when it was possible to do nothing else; for necessity is stronger than human nature, and all men should think of decorum only when they have already secured safety.

Notes

  1. 5.64.1ὁ ταύτης ἡγούμενος τῆς γνώμης — The participial phrase with the article `ὁ ἡγούμενος` is the subject of the sentence, and the proper name `Μάρκος Οὐαλέριος` is the predicate noun. `ταύτης τῆς γνώμης` is the genitive governed by `ἡγούμενος`.
  2. 5.64.2κίνδυνόν τʼ οὐ τοῦτον μόνον... μὴ καταλίπῃ... ἀλλὰ κἀκεῖνον... μὴ... ἄρηται — The content of `κίνδυνον` (accusative, object of `ἀποφαίνων`) is explained by appositive clauses introduced by `μὴ` with the subjunctive (`μὴ καταλίπῃ` and `μὴ ἄρηται`), expressing fear or apprehension ("the danger that...").
  3. 5.64.3ἕως οὖν ἔτι λόγους καὶ ἀπειλὰς εἶναι — The conjunction `ἕως` ("while") normally introduces a finite clause, but here its verbs are attracted into the infinitive (`εἶναι` and `γεγονέναι`) under the influence of the indirect discourse (accusative with infinitive construction) depending on the main verb `παρῄνει`.
  4. 5.64.3φθάσαι... προοικειωσαμένους — The verb `φθάνω` (to forestall) is used in the infinitive `φθάσαι` with the supplementary participle `προοικειωσαμένους` (accusative plural masculine, referring to the patricians), meaning "to do something beforehand" or "to forestall by doing something."

Cite this passage

Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities §5.64.1-5.64.3. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0081.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:5.64.1-5.64.3

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