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Dionysius of Halicarnassus · Roman Antiquities §4.43.1-4.43.3

Tarquinius's Oppression of the Plebeians and Repeal of Laws

Passage 287 of 962 · Greek

Summary

Tarquinius abolished all of Tullius's laws and tax systems that favored the plebeians, imposing a heavy poll tax, banning all public assemblies, and utilizing spies to ruthlessly suppress any dissent.

§4.43.1ταῦτα δʼ ὁρῶντες οἱ δημοτικοὶ δίκαια πάσχειν αὐτοὺς ὑπελάμβανον καὶ ἐπέχαιρον ὑπʼ εὐηθείας, ὡς ἐκείνοις μόνοις τῆς τυραννίδος βαρείας ἐσομένης, σφίσι δʼ αὐτοῖς ἀκινδύνου.
And the plebeians, seeing these things, supposed that they were suffering justly and rejoiced in their simplicity, on the ground that the tyranny would be grievous to those men alone, but without danger to themselves.
ἧκε δὲ κἀκείνοις οὐ μετὰ πολὺν χρόνον ἔτι πλείω τὰ χαλεπά.
But not long afterwards, even greater troubles came to them too.
τούς τε γὰρ νόμους τοὺς ὑπὸ Τυλλίου γραφέντας, καθʼ οὓς ἐξ ἴσου τὰ δίκαια παρʼ ἀλλήλων ἐλάμβανον καὶ οὐδὲν ὑπὸ τῶν πατρικίων ὡς πρότερον ἐβλάπτοντο περὶ τὰ συμβόλαια, πάντας ἀνεῖλε· καὶ οὐδὲ τὰς σανίδας, ἐν αἷς ἦσαν γεγραμμένοι, κατέλιπεν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ταύτας καθαιρεθῆναι κελεύσας ἐκ τῆς ἀγορᾶς διέφθειρεν. §4.43.2ἔπειτα κατέλυσε τὰς ἀπὸ τῶν τιμημάτων εἰσφορὰς καὶ εἰς τὸν ἐξ ἀρχῆς τρόπον ἀποκατέστησε· καὶ ὁπότε δεήσειεν αὐτῷ χρημάτων, τὸ ἴσον διάφορον ὁ πενέστατος τῷ πλουσιωτάτῳ κατέφερε.
For he abolished all the laws written by Tullius, according to which they received justice from one another on equal terms and were in no way harmed by the patricians in contracts as previously; and he did not even leave the tablets on which they had been written, but ordered them too to be taken down from the Forum and destroyed.\n Then he abolished the taxes based on censuses and restored them to the original manner; and whenever he needed money, the poorest paid the same contribution as the richest.
τοῦτο τὸ πολίτευμα πολὺ τοῦ δημοτικοῦ πλήθους ἀπανήλωσεν ἐπὶ τῆς πρώτης εὐθὺς εἰσφορᾶς ἀναγκαζομένου κατὰ κεφαλὴν ἑκάστου δραχμὰς δέκα εἰσφέρειν.
This measure ruined much of the plebeian multitude immediately at the first tax, as each individual was forced to pay ten drachmas per head.
συνόδους τε συμπάσας, ὅσαι πρότερον ἐγίνοντο κωμητῶν ἢ φρατριαστῶν ἢ γειτόνων ἔν τε τῇ πόλει καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἀγρῶν ἐφʼ ἱερὰ καὶ θυσίας ἅπασι κοινὰς προεῖπε μηκέτι συντελεῖν, ἵνα μὴ συνιόντες εἰς ταὐτὸ πολλοὶ βουλὰς ἀπορρήτους μετʼ ἀλλήλων ποιῶνται περὶ καταλύσεως τῆς ἀρχῆς. §4.43.3ἦσαν δʼ αὐτῷ πολλαχῇ διεσπαρμένοι κατόπται τινὲς καὶ διερευνηταὶ τῶν λεγομένων τε καὶ πραττομένων λεληθότες τοὺς πολλούς, οἳ συγκαθιέντες εἰς ὁμιλίαν τοῖς πέλας καὶ ἔστιν ὅτε κατὰ τοῦ τυράννου λέγοντες αὐτοί, πεῖραν τῆς ἑκάστου γνώμης ἐλάμβανον· ἔπειθʼ οὓς αἴσθοιντο τοῖς καθεστηκόσι πράγμασιν ἀχθομένους κατεμήνυον πρὸς τὸν τύραννον· αἱ δὲ τιμωρίαι κατὰ τῶν ἐλεγχθέντων ἐγίνοντο πικραὶ καὶ ἀπαραίτητοι.
And he forbade all assemblies whatsoever—as many as previously used to be held by villagers, curia-members, or neighbors, both in the city and in the country, for sacred rites and sacrifices common to all—to be held any longer, in order that many coming together in the same place might not make secret counsels with one another concerning the overthrow of his rule.\n And he had, scattered in many places, certain spies and investigators of what was said and done, unknown to the generality of people, who, mingling in conversation with those nearby and sometimes themselves speaking against the tyrant, made trial of each man's opinion; then, whomever they perceived to be resentful of the established state of affairs, they denounced to the tyrant; and the punishments against those convicted were bitter and inexorable.

Notes

  1. 749ὡς ἐκείνοις μόνοις τῆς τυραννίδος βαρείας ἐσομένης — A genitive absolute construction introduced by the conjunction ὡς, where τῆς τυραννίδος is the subject and ἐσομένης is the participle, expressing subjective belief ("on the grounds that..."). The subsequent phrase σφίσι δʼ αὐτοῖς ἀκινδύνου is coordinated with it, with ἐσομένης understood.
  2. 4.43.2τοῦτο τὸ πολίτευμα πολὺ τοῦ δημοτικοῦ πλήθους ἀπανήλωσεν — The direct object of ἀπανήλωσεν is the accusative neuter pronoun πολύ ("a large part"), with τοῦ δημοτικοῦ πλήθους acting as a partitive genitive dependent on it. The phrase means "this policy ruined a large part of the plebeian multitude."
  3. 4.43.2ἀναγκαζομένου — A genitive singular participle that grammatically agrees with the preceding collective noun in the genitive, τοῦ δημοτικοῦ πλήθους ("the plebeian multitude"). Though grammatically singular, it semantically refers to the individual members of the crowd, as indicated by the subsequent κατὰ κεφαλὴν ἑκάστου ("each individual per head").

Cite this passage

Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities §4.43.1-4.43.3. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0081.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:4.43.1-4.43.3

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