Humanitext Reader

Dionysius of Halicarnassus · Roman Antiquities §4.42.1-4.42.5

Purge of the Patricians and Subjugation of the Senate by Tarquinius

Passage 286 of 962 · Greek

Summary

Having established his power, Tarquinius Superbus prosecuted and executed or exiled many illustrious citizens to confiscate their wealth. He then purged the senate, replaced the deceased members with his own companions, and stripped them of all political freedom.

§4.42.1ἐπεὶ δʼ ἐγκρατῶς ἤδη κατέχειν ὑπελάμβανε τὴν ἀρχήν, παρασκευάσας ἐκ τῶν ἑταίρων τοὺς πονηροτάτους διʼ ἐκείνων ἦγεν εἰς ἐγκλήματα καὶ θανάτου δίκας πολλοὺς τῶν ἐπιφανῶν· πρώτους μὲν τοὺς ἐχθρῶς διακειμένους πρὸς αὐτόν, οἷς οὐκ ἦν βουλομένοις Τύλλιον ἐκ τῆς ἀρχῆς ἐκπεσεῖν· ἔπειτα καὶ τῶν ἄλλων, οὓς ὑπελάμβανε βαρεῖαν ἡγεῖσθαι τὴν μεταβολὴν καὶ οἷς πολὺς πλοῦτος ἦν.
When he supposed that he already held the power securely, having suborned the most wicked of his companions, through them he brought many of the illustrious citizens to charges and capital trials; first, those who were hostilely disposed towards him, who did not wish Tullius to be expelled from power; and then also of the others, whom he supposed resented the change and who possessed great wealth.
§4.42.2οἱ δʼ ὑπάγοντες αὐτοὺς ὑπὸ τὰς δίκας ἄλλους ἐπʼ ἄλλαις ψευδέσιν αἰτίαις, μάλιστα δʼ ἐπιβουλεύειν αἰτιώμενοι τῷ βασιλεῖ, κατηγόρουν ἐπʼ αὐτῷ δικαστῇ.
And those who brought them under trial, on various false charges, especially accusing them of plotting against the king, prosecuted them before him as judge.
ὁ δὲ τῶν μὲν θάνατον κατεδίκαζε, τῶν δὲ φυγήν, καὶ τὰ χρήματα τούς τʼ ἀναιρουμένους καὶ τοὺς ἐξελαυνομένους ἀφαιρούμενος τοῖς μὲν κατηγόροις μικράν τινα μοῖραν ἀπέθυεν, §4.42.3αὐτὸς δὲ τὰ πλείω κατεῖχεν.
He condemned some to death, others to exile, and, stripping both those who were executed and those who were banished of their property, he allotted a small portion to the accusers, but he himself kept the greater part.
ἔμελλον δʼ ἄρα πολλοὶ τῶν δυνατῶν, πρὶν ἁλῶναι τὰς ἐπαγομένας σφίσι δίκας, εἰδότες ὧν ἕνεκεν ἐπεβουλεύοντο, καταλείψειν τῷ τυράννῳ τὴν πόλιν ἑκόντες καὶ πολλῷ πλείονες ἐγένοντο τῶν ἑτέρων.
And indeed, many of the powerful men, before they were convicted in the trials brought against them, knowing why they were being plotted against, were about to leave the city voluntarily to the tyrant, and they became much more numerous than the others.
ἦσαν δέ τινες, οἳ καὶ κρύφα διεφθάρησαν ὑπʼ αὐτοῦ κατʼ οἰκίας τε καὶ ἐπʼ ἀγρῶν ἀναρπαζόμενοι, λόγου ἄξιοι ἄνδρες, ὧν οὐδὲ τὰ σώματα ἐφάνη.
And there were some who were even secretly made away with by him, being snatched away both in their homes and in the fields—men of note, whose bodies not even were found.
§4.42.4ἐπεὶ δὲ διέφθειρε τὸ κράτιστον τῆς βουλῆς μέρος θανάτοις τε καὶ ἀειφυγίαις, ἑτέραν βουλὴν αὐτὸς κατεστήσατο παραγαγὼν ἐπὶ τὰς τῶν ἐκλιπόντων τιμὰς τοὺς ἰδίους ἑταίρους.
And when he had destroyed the best part of the senate by deaths and perpetual exiles, he himself established another senate, by introducing his own companions to the offices of those who were gone.
καὶ οὐδὲ τούτοις μέντοι τοῖς ἀνδράσιν οὔτε πράττειν ἐπέτρεπεν οὐδὲν οὔτε λέγειν ὅ τι μὴ κελεύσειεν αὐτός.
And yet not even to these men did he permit either to do anything or to say anything, except what he himself should order.
§4.42.5ὥσθʼ ὁπόσοι κατελείφθησαν ἐν τῷ συνεδρίῳ βουλευταὶ τῶν ἐπὶ Τυλλίου καταλεγέντων, διάφοροι τοῖς δημοτικοῖς τέως ὄντες καὶ τὴν μεταβολὴν τῆς πολιτείας ἐπὶ τῷ σφετέρῳ νομίζοντες ἀγαθῷ γενήσεσθαι· τοιαύτας γὰρ αὐτοῖς ὑπέτεινεν ὁ Ταρκύνιος ὑποσχέσεις ἐξαπατῶν καὶ φενακίζων· τότε μαθόντες, ὅτι τῶν κοινῶν οὐδενὸς ἔτι μετεῖχον, ἀλλὰ καὶ αὐτοὶ τὴν παρρησίαν ἅμα τοῖς δημοτικοῖς ἀφῃρέθησαν, ὠδύροντο μὲν καὶ τὰ μέλλοντα τῶν παρόντων δεινότερα ὑπώπτευον, στέργειν δὲ τὰ παρόντα ἠναγκάζοντο δύναμιν οὐκ ἔχοντες κωλύειν τὰ πραττόμενα.
so that as many senators as were left in the council from those who had been enrolled under Tullius—who had previously been at variance with the plebeians and who thought that the change of government would turn out to their own advantage (for Tarquinius had held out such promises to them, deceiving and cheating them)—learning then that they no longer had any share in public affairs, but they themselves also were deprived of freedom of speech along with the plebeians, lamented indeed and suspected that future events would be even more terrible than the present ones, but they were forced to acquiesce in the present state of affairs, having no power to prevent what was being done.

Notes

  1. 4.42.1οἷς οὐκ ἦν βουλομένοις — The dative pronoun οἷs and the participle βουλομένοις are combined with the verb ἦν (of εἰμί) in the Greek idiom 'ἐμοὶ βουλομένῳ ἐστίν' (it is to my liking/wish). Here it expresses that 'it was not to their liking that Tullius should fall from power' (i.e., they did not wish it).
  2. 4.42.3πολλῷ πλείονες ἐγένοντο τῶν ἑτέρων — Against the comparative πλείονες, the object of comparison is shown by the genitive τῶν ἑτέρων (genitive of comparison). It indicates that those who went into voluntary exile were far more numerous than 'the others' who were prosecuted.
  3. 4.42.5τὴν παρρησίαν ἅμα τοῖς δημοτικοῖς ἀφῃρέθησαν — Passive construction of the verb ἀφαιρέω, which takes a double accusative (to deprive someone of something) in the active voice. The accusative of the thing (τὴν παρρησίαν) is retained in the passive (retained accusative). It means 'they themselves also were deprived of freedom of speech along with the plebeians.'

Cite this passage

Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities §4.42.1-4.42.5. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0081.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:4.42.1-4.42.5

Please note the AI-draft status of the translation and the date accessed.

Translation, notes and summary are AI-generated drafts, revised through reader feedback.