§4.24.1ἐπειδὴ δὲ κατὰ τοῦτο γέγονα τὸ μέρος τῆς διηγήσεως, ἀναγκαῖον εἶναί μοι δοκεῖ διελθεῖν, ὡς εἶχε τότε τοῖς Ῥωμαίοις τὰ περὶ τοὺς δούλους ἔθη, ἵνα μήτε τὸν βασιλέα τὸν πρῶτον ἐπιχειρήσαντα τοὺς δεδουλευκότας ἀστοὺς ποιεῖν μήτε τοὺς παραδεξαμένους τὸν νόμον ἐν αἰτίαις σχῇ τις, ὡς ῥιπτοῦντας εἰκῆ τὰ καλά.
And since I have come to this part of the narrative, it seems necessary for me to describe what the customs of the Romans regarding slaves were at that time, so that neither the king who first attempted to make citizens of those who had been slaves, nor those who accepted the law, may be blamed by anyone, as if they were throwing away honorable things at random.
§4.24.2ἐτύγχανον δὴ τοῖς Ῥωμαίοις αἱ τῶν θεραπόντων κτήσεις κατὰ τοὺς δικαιοτάτους γινόμεναι τρόπους.
Indeed, the acquisitions of slaves by the Romans happened to be made in the most just ways.
ἢ γὰρ ὠνησάμενοι παρὰ τοῦ δημοσίου τοὺς ὑπὸ δόρυ πωλουμένους ἐκ τῶν λαφύρων, ἢ τοῦ στρατηγοῦ συγχωρήσαντος ἅμα ταῖς ἄλλαις ὠφελείαις καὶ τοὺς δορυαλώτους τοῖς λαβοῦσιν ἔχειν ἢ πριαμένοις παρʼ ἑτέρων κατὰ τοὺς αὐτοὺς τρόπους κυρίων γενομένων ἐκέκτηντο τοὺς δούλους.
For they owned their slaves either by purchasing from the public treasury those who were sold under the spear from the spoils, or by the general permitting the captors to have the prisoners of war along with the other booty, or by buying them from others who had become their owners in the same ways.
§4.24.3οὐδὲν δὴ πρᾶγμα ποιεῖν αἰσχύνης ἢ βλάβης κοινῆς αἴτιον οὔθʼ ὁ Τύλλιος ὁ καταστησάμενος τὸ ἔθος οὔθʼ οἱ παραδεξάμενοι καὶ διαφυλάξαντες ᾤοντο, εἰ τοῖς ἀφαιρεθεῖσιν ἐν πολέμῳ τήν τε πατρίδα καὶ τὴν ἐλευθερίαν χρηστοῖς γενομένοις περὶ τοὺς καταδουλωσαμένους ἢ τοὺς παρὰ τούτων πριαμένους ἀμφότερα ταῦτα παρὰ τῶν δεσποτῶν ὑπάρξει.
Therefore, neither Tullius, who established the custom, nor those who accepted and preserved it, thought they were doing anything that was a cause of shame or of common harm, if both of these—country and freedom—should be granted by the masters to those who had been deprived of them in war, provided they became good toward those who had enslaved them, or toward those who had purchased them from them.
§4.24.4ἐτύγχανον δὲ τῆς ἐλευθερίας οἱ μὲν πλεῖστοι προῖκα διὰ καλοκἀγαθίαν· καὶ κράτιστος ἀπαλλαγῆς δεσποτῶν τρόπος οὗτος ἦν·
And most of them obtained their freedom for nothing, on account of their goodness; and this was the best way of release from masters.
ὀλίγοι δέ τινες λύτρα κατατιθέντες ἐξ ὁσίων καὶ δικαίων ἐργασιῶν συναχθέντα.
But some few obtained it by paying a ransom amassed from holy and just labors.
ἀλλʼ οὐκ ἐν τοῖς καθʼ ἡμᾶς χρόνοις οὕτω ταῦτʼ ἔχει, ἀλλʼ εἰς τοσαύτην σύγχυσιν ἥκει τὰ πράγματα καὶ τὰ καλὰ τῆς Ῥωμαίων πόλεως οὕτως ἄτιμα καὶ ῥυπαρὰ γέγονεν, ὥσθʼ οἱ μὲν ἀπὸ λῃστείας καὶ τοιχωρυχίας καὶ πορνείας καὶ παντὸς ἄλλου πονηροῦ πόρου χρηματισάμενοι τούτων ὠνοῦνται τῶν χρημάτων τὴν ἐλευθερίαν καὶ εὐθύς εἰσι Ῥωμαῖοι·
But in our times, these things are not so, but affairs have come into such great confusion, and the honorable customs of the city of the Romans have become so dishonored and filthy, that some who have enriched themselves from robbery, housebreaking, prostitution, and every other wicked source, buy their freedom with this money and immediately are Romans.
§4.24.5οἱ δὲ συνίστορες καὶ συνεργοὶ τοῖς δεσπόταις γενόμενοι φαρμακειῶν καὶ ἀνδροφονιῶν καὶ τῶν εἰς θεοὺς ἢ τὸ κοινὸν ἀδικημάτων ταύτας φέρονται παρʼ αὐτῶν τὰς χάριτας·
And others, having been accomplices and cooperators with their masters in poisonings, murders, and crimes against the gods or the state, carry off these favors from them.
οἱ δʼ ἵνα τὸν δημοσίᾳ διδόμενον σῖτον λαμβάνοντες κατὰ μῆνα καὶ εἴ τις ἄλλη παρὰ τῶν ἡγουμένων γίγνοιτο τοῖς ἀπόροις τῶν πολιτῶν φιλανθρωπία φέρωσι τοῖς δεδωκόσι τὴν ἐλευθερίαν·
And others do so in order that, receiving the corn given monthly by the public and whatever other charity is given by the leaders to the needy of the citizens, they may carry it to those who gave them their freedom.
οἱ δὲ διὰ §4.24.6κουφότητα τῶν δεσποτῶν καὶ κενὴν δοξοκοπίαν.
And others do so on account of the levity of their masters and empty vanity.
ἔγωγʼ οὖν ἐπίσταμαί τινας ἅπασι τοῖς δούλοις συγκεχωρηκότας εἶναι ἐλευθέροις μετὰ τὰς ἑαυτῶν τελευτάς, ἵνα χρηστοὶ καλῶνται νεκροὶ καὶ πολλοὶ ταῖς κλίναις αὐτῶν ἐκκομιζομέναις παρακολουθῶσι τοὺς πίλους ἔχοντες ἐπὶ ταῖς κεφαλαῖς·
I at least know of some who have permitted all their slaves to be free after their own deaths, so that they may be called good men when dead, and many may follow their biers as they are carried out, wearing the pilei on their heads.
ἐν οἷς ἐπόμπευόν τινες, ὡς ἦν παρὰ τῶν ἐπισταμένων ἀκούειν, ἐκ τῶν δεσμωτηρίων ἐξεληλυθότες ἀρτίως κακοῦργοι μυρίων ἄξια διαπεπραγμένοι θανάτων.
Among these, some were marching in the procession, as was to be heard from those who knew, who had just come out of prison, criminals who had committed deeds worthy of ten thousand deaths.
εἰς τούτους μέντοι τοὺς δυσεκκαθάρτους σπίλους ἐκ τῆς πόλεως ἀποβλέποντες οἱ πολλοὶ δυσχεραίνουσι καὶ προβέβληνται τὸ ἔθος, ὡς οὐ πρέπον ἡγεμονικῇ πόλει καὶ παντὸς ἄρχειν ἀξιούσῃ §4.24.7τόπου τοιούτους ποιεῖσθαι πολίτας.
Looking upon these stains, hard to be cleansed, from the city, the majority are vexed and disgusted with the custom, as if it were not fitting for a ruling city and one that claims to rule over every place to make such persons citizens.
ἔχοι δʼ ἄν τις πολλὰ καὶ ἄλλα διαβαλεῖν ἔθη καλῶς μὲν ὑπὸ τῶν ἀρχαίων ἐπινοηθέντα, κακῶς δʼ ὑπὸ τῶν νῦν ἐπιτριβόμενα.
And one might find many other customs to censure which, though well conceived by the ancients, are badly abused by those of the present day.
ἐγὼ δὲ τὸν νόμον τοῦτον οὐκ οἴομαι δεῖν ἀναιρεῖν, μή τι μεῖζον ἐκραγῇ τῷ κοινῷ διʼ αὐτοῦ κακόν·
But I do not think this law should be abolished, lest some greater evil break out upon the state through it.
ἐπανορθοῦσθαι μέντοι φημὶ δεῖν τὰ δυνατὰ καὶ μὴ περιορᾶν ὀνείδη μεγάλα καὶ ῥύπους δυσεκκαθάρτους εἰς τὴν πολιτείαν εἰσαγομένους.
I say, however, that what is possible ought to be corrected, and that great reproaches and stains hard to be cleansed should not be permitted to be introduced into the state.
§4.24.8καὶ μάλιστα μὲν τοὺς τιμητὰς ἀξιώσαιμʼ ἂν τούτου τοῦ μέρους προνοεῖν· εἰ δὲ μή γε, τοὺς ὑπάτους· δεῖ γὰρ ἀρχῆς τινος μεγάλης·
And I should demand, above all, that the censors take forethought for this part; but if not, then the consuls; for there is need of some great authority.
οἳ τοὺς καθʼ ἕκαστον ἐνιαυτὸν ἐλευθέρους γινομένους ἐξετάσουσι, τίνες ὄντες καὶ διὰ τί καὶ πῶς ἠλευθερώθησαν, ὥσπερ γε τοὺς τῶν ἱππέων καὶ τοὺς τῶν βουλευτῶν βίους ἐξετάζουσιν·
These shall examine those who become free each year, who they are and for what reason and how they were freed, just as they examine the lives of the knights and senators.
ἔπειθʼ οὓς μὲν ἂν εὕρωσιν ἀξίους τῆς πόλεως ὄντας, εἰς φυλὰς καταγράψουσι καὶ μένειν ἐφήσουσιν ἐν τῇ πόλει· τὸ δὲ μιαρὸν καὶ ἀκάθαρτον φῦλον ἐκβαλοῦσιν ἐκ τῆς πόλεως εὐπρεπὲς ὄνομα τῷ πράγματι τιθέντες, ἀποικίαν. ταῦτα μὲν οὖν τῆς ὑποθέσεως ἀπαιτούσης ἀναγκαῖόν τε καὶ δίκαιον ἔδοξεν εἶναί μοι πρὸς τοὺς ἐπιτιμῶντας τοῖς Ῥωμαίων ἔθεσιν εἰπεῖν.
Then, those whom they find to be worthy of the city, they will enroll into the tribes and permit to remain in the city; but the defiled and unclean class they will expel from the city, giving a decent name to the matter, a "colony." These things, then, since the subject demanded them, seemed to me necessary and just to say to those who find fault with the customs of the Romans.