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Dionysius of Halicarnassus · Roman Antiquities §2.19.1-2.19.5

Rejection of Ecstatic Rites and Regulation of Foreign Cults

Passage 110 of 962 · Greek

Summary

It is explained that Roman religion rejects the scandalous myths, shameful sufferings of the gods, and ecstatic rites found in Greek mythology, and even foreign ceremonies like the worship of the Idaean Goddess are strictly regulated under native Roman law.

§2.19.1οὔτε γὰρ Οὐρανὸς ἐκτεμνόμενος ὑπὸ τῶν ἑαυτοῦ παίδων παρὰ Ῥωμαίοις λέγεται οὔτε Κρόνος ἀφανίζων τὰς ἑαυτοῦ γονὰς φόβῳ τῆς ἐξ αὐτῶν ἐπιθέσεως οὔτε Ζεὺς καταλύων τὴν Κρόνου δυναστείαν καὶ κατακλείων ἐν τῷ δεσμωτηρίῳ τοῦ Ταρτάρου τὸν ἑαυτοῦ πατέρα οὐδέ γε πόλεμοι καὶ τραύματα καὶ §2.19.2δεσμοὶ καὶ θητεῖαι θεῶν παρʼ ἀνθρώποις·
For neither is Uranus said among the Romans to have been castrated by his own children, nor Cronus to have destroyed his own offspring through fear of their attack, nor Zeus to have overthrown the dynasty of Cronus and shut up his own father in the prison of Tartarus, nor indeed are any wars, wounds, bonds, or servitude of gods among men reported.
ἑορτή τε οὐδεμία παρʼ αὐτοῖς μελανείμων ἢ πένθιμος ἄγεται τυπετοὺς ἔχουσα καὶ θρήνους γυναικῶν ἐπὶ θεοῖς ἀφανιζομένοις, ὡς παρʼ Ἕλλησιν ἐπιτελεῖται περί τε Φερσεφόνης ἁρπαγὴν καὶ τὰ Διονύσου πάθη καὶ ὅσα ἄλλα τοιαῦτα·
Nor is any festival celebrated among them with black garments or mourning, containing beatings of the breast and lamentations of women for gods who disappear, as is performed among the Greeks concerning the rape of Persephone and the sufferings of Dionysus and all such other things.
οὐδʼ ἂν ἴδοι τις παρʼ αὐτοῖς, καίτοι διεφθαρμένων ἤδη τῶν ἐθῶν, οὐ θεοφορήσεις, οὐ κορυβαντιασμούς, οὐκ ἀγυρμούς, οὐ βακχείας καὶ τελετὰς ἀπορρήτους, οὐ διαπαννυχισμοὺς ἐν ἱεροῖς ἀνδρῶν σὺν γυναιξίν, οὐκ ἄλλο τῶν παραπλησίων τούτοις τερατευμάτων οὐδέν, ἀλλʼ εὐλαβῶς ἅπαντα πραττόμενά τε καὶ λεγόμενα τὰ περὶ τοὺς θεούς, ὡς οὔτε παρʼ Ἕλλησιν οὔτε παρὰ βαρβάροις·
Nor would anyone see among them, even though their customs are by now corrupted, any instances of possession, Corybantic frenzies, begging missions, Bacchic revels and secret rites, all-night festivals of men together with women in temples, or any other of such monstrous practices; but everything relating to the gods is done and said with reverence, in a manner unlike that of either the Greeks or the barbarians.
§2.19.3καὶ ὃ πάντων μάλιστα ἔγωγε τεθαύμακα, καίπερ μυρίων ὅσων εἰς τὴν πόλιν ἐληλυθότων ἐθνῶν, οἷς πολλὴ ἀνάγκη σέβειν τοὺς πατρίους θεοὺς τοῖς οἴκοθεν νομίμοις, οὐδενὸς εἰς ζῆλον ἐλήλυθε τῶν ξενικῶν ἐπιτηδευμάτων ἡ πόλις δημοσίᾳ, ὃ πολλαῖς ἤδη συνέβη παθεῖν, ἀλλὰ καὶ εἴ τινα κατὰ χρησμοὺς ἐπεισηγάγετο ἱερά, τοῖς ἑαυτῆς αὐτὰ τιμᾷ νομίμοις ἅπασαν ἐκβαλοῦσα τερθρείαν μυθικήν, ὥσπερ τὰ τῆς Ἰδαίας θεᾶς ἱερά.
And what I have admired most of all, although countless nations have come into the city, for whom there is a great necessity to worship their ancestral gods according to their customs from home, the city has never publicly fallen into a zeal for any of these foreign practices—a fate which has already happened to many cities—but even if it has introduced any sacred rites in accordance with oracles, it honors them according to its own customs, casting out all mythical nonsense, just as in the case of the rites of the Idaean Goddess.
§2.19.4θυσίας μὲν γὰρ αὐτῇ καὶ ἀγῶνας ἄγουσιν ἀνὰ πᾶν ἔτος οἱ στρατηγοὶ κατὰ τοὺς Ῥωμαίων νόμους, ἱερᾶται δὲ αὐτῆς ἀνὴρ Φρὺξ καὶ γυνὴ Φρυγία καὶ περιάγουσιν ἀνὰ τὴν πόλιν οὗτοι μητραγυρτοῦντες, ὥσπερ αὐτοῖς ἔθος, τύπους τε περικείμενοι τοῖς στήθεσι καὶ καταυλούμενοι πρὸς τῶν ἑπομένων τὰ μητρῷα μέλη καὶ τύμπανα κροτοῦντες· §2.19.5Ῥωμαίων δὲ τῶν αὐθιγενῶν οὔτε μητραγυρτῶν τις οὔτε καταυλούμενος πορεύεται διὰ τῆς πόλεως ποικίλην ἐνδεδυκὼς στολὴν οὔτε ὀργιάζει τὴν θεὸν τοῖς Φρυγίοις ὀργιασμοῖς κατὰ νόμον καὶ ψήφισμα βουλῆς.
For indeed, the praetors perform sacrifices and games for her every year in accordance with the laws of the Romans, but it is a Phrygian man and a Phrygian woman who act as her priests, and these carry her about the city, begging for alms according to their custom, with images hanging upon their breasts and being accompanied by the flute playing the hymns of the Mother, while their followers beat cymbals; but of the native Romans, no one either goes through the city begging for alms or accompanied by the flute, wearing a variegated robe, nor worships the goddess with Phrygian rites, according to the law and the decree of the senate.
οὕτως εὐλαβῶς ἡ πόλις ἔχει πρὸς τὰ οὐκ ἐπιχώρια ἔθη περὶ θεῶν καὶ πάντα ὀττεύεται τῦφον, ᾧ μὴ πρός2εστι τὸ εὐπρεπές.
So reverently does the city behave toward foreign customs concerning the gods, and it regards as an ill omen all empty pomp to which propriety is not attached.

Notes

  1. 2.19.1οὔτε γὰρ Οὐρανὸς ἐκτεμνόμενος... λέγεται — The singular main verb "λέγεται" (is said) takes singular nouns like "Οὐρανὸς", "Κρόνος", and "Ζεὺς" as its subjects (in a personal construction with participles). However, it also governs the subsequent plural subjects "οὐδέ γε πόλεμοι καὶ τραύματα καὶ δεσμοὶ καὶ θητεῖαι θεῶν" through the ellipsis of a plural verb like "λέγονται" or by transitioning to an impersonal passive sense ("it is said").
  2. 2.19.3καὶ ὃ πάντων μάλιστα ἔγωγε τεθαύμακα — The relative pronoun "ὅ" functions proleptically, anticipating the entire subsequent clause "οὐδενὸς εἰς ζῆλον ἐλήλυθε τῶν ξενικῶν ἐπιτηδευμάτων ἡ πόλις δημοσίᾳ" (that the city has never publicly fallen into a zeal for any of these foreign practices).
  3. 2.19.3καίπερ μυρίων ὅσων εἰς τὴν πόλιν ἐληλυθότων ἐθνῶν — "ἐληλυθότων ἐθνῶν" is a genitive absolute expressing concession, introduced by "καίπερ". "μυρίων ὅσων" is an idiomatic combination of the numeral "μύριοι" (ten thousand, countless) and the exclamatory "ὅσος" (how many), meaning "countless" or "innumerable."
  4. 2.19.5Ῥωμαίων δὲ τῶν αὐθιγενῶν — "Ῥωμαίων... τῶν αὐθιγενῶν" is a partitive genitive, depending on the indefinite pronoun "τις" (anyone). The negation "οὔτε" modifying this structure results in a strong general negation: "of the native Romans, not a single one..."

Cite this passage

Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities §2.19.1-2.19.5. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0081.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:2.19.1-2.19.5

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