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Dionysius of Halicarnassus · Roman Antiquities §2.18.1-2.18.3

Romulus' Religious Institutions and Rejection of Impious Myths

Passage 109 of 962 · Greek

Summary

The author praises Romulus for recognizing that the foundations of a well-governed city—divine favor, virtue, and bravery—do not arise by chance but are cultivated through good laws and religion, and details how Romulus established pious religious institutions while banning blasphemous myths.

§2.18.1ταῦτά τε δὴ τοῦ ἀνδρὸς ἄγαμαι καὶ ἔτι πρὸς τούτοις ἅ μέλλω λέγειν, ὅτι τοῦ καλῶς οἰκεῖσθαι τὰς πόλεις αἰτίας ὑπολαβών, ἃς θρυλοῦσι μὲν ἅπαντες οἱ πολιτικοί, κατασκευάζουσι δʼ ὀλίγοι, πρῶτον μὲν τὴν παρὰ τῶν θεῶν εὔνοιαν, ἧς παρούσης ἅπαντα τοῖς ἀνθρώποις ἐπὶ τὰ κρείττω συμφέρεται, ἔπειτα σωφροσύνην τε καὶ δικαιοσύνην, διʼ ἃς ἧττον ἀλλήλους βλάπτοντες μᾶλλον ὁμονοοῦσι καὶ τὴν εὐδαιμονίαν οὐ ταῖς αἰσχίσταις μετροῦσιν ἡδοναῖς ἀλλὰ τῷ καλῷ, τελευταίαν δὲ τὴν ἐν τοῖς πολέμοις γενναιότητα τὴν παρασκευάζουσαν εἶναι καὶ τὰς ἄλλας ἀρετὰς τοῖς ἔχουσιν ὠφελίμους, οὐκ ἀπὸ ταὐτομάτου παραγίνεσθαι τούτων ἕκαστον τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἐνόμισεν, §2.18.2ἀλλʼ ἔγνω διότι νόμοι σπουδαῖοι καὶ καλῶν ζῆλος ἐπιτηδευμάτων εὐσεβῆ καὶ σώφρονα καὶ τὰ δίκαια ἀσκοῦσαν καὶ τὰ πολέμια ἀγαθὴν ἐξεργάζονται πόλιν· ὧν πολλὴν ἔσχε πρόνοιαν τὴν ἀρχὴν ποιησάμενος ἀπὸ τῶν περὶ τὰ θεῖα καὶ δαιμόνια σεβασμῶν.
Indeed, I admire these things in the man, and even more, in addition to these, what I am about to say: namely, that having assumed as the causes for cities being well governed —which all statesmen talk about but few establish—first, the goodwill of the gods, in the presence of which everything turns out for the better for men; next, temperance and justice, through which they, harming each other less, are more in harmony and measure happiness not by the basest pleasures but by the honorable; and lastly, bravery in wars, which makes even the other virtues useful to those who possess them; he believed that not one of these goods comes of its own accord, but recognized that excellent laws and the zeal for honorable pursuits render a city pious, temperate, practicing justice, and brave in war; of which things he took great foresight, making his beginning from the worship of things divine and supernatural.
ἱερὰ μὲν οὖν καὶ τεμένη καὶ βωμοὺς καὶ ξοάνων ἱδρύσεις μορφάς τε αὐτῶν καὶ σύμβολα καὶ δυνάμεις καὶ δωρεάς, αἷς τὸ γένος ἡμῶν εὐηργέτησαν, ἑορτάς τε ὁποίας τινὰς ἑκάστῳ θεῶν ἢ δαιμόνων ἄγεσθαι προσήκει καὶ θυσίας, αἷς χαίρουσι γεραιρόμενοι πρὸς ἀνθρώπων, ἐκεχειρίας τε αὖ καὶ πανηγύρεις καὶ πόνων ἀναπαύλας καὶ πάντα τὰ τοιαῦτα ὁμοίως κατεστήσατο τοῖς κρατίστοις τῶν παρʼ Ἕλλησι νομίμων· §2.18.3τοὺς δὲ παραδεδομένους περὶ αὐτῶν μύθους, ἐν οἷς βλασφημίαι τινὲς ἔνεισι κατʼ αὐτῶν ἢ κακηγορίαι, πονηροὺς καὶ ἀνωφελεῖς καὶ ἀσχήμονας ὑπολαβὼν εἶναι καὶ οὐχ ὅτι θεῶν ἀλλʼ οὐδʼ ἀνθρώπων ἀγαθῶν ἀξίους, ἅπαντας ἐξέβαλε καὶ παρεσκεύασε τοὺς ἀνθρώπους τὰ κράτιστα περὶ θεῶν λέγειν τε καὶ φρονεῖν μηδὲν αὐτοῖς προσάπτοντας ἀνάξιον ἐπιτήδευμα τῆς μακαρίας φύσεως.
Accordingly, he established temples, sacred precincts, altars, the dedication of wooden images, their forms, symbols, powers, and the gifts by which they benefited our race, and what kind of festivals should be celebrated for each of the gods or spirits, and the sacrifices with which they delight to be honored by men, and also truces, general assemblies, rests from labors, and all such things, in a manner similar to the best of the customs among the Greeks; and as for the traditional myths about them, in which there are certain blasphemies or slanders against them, supposing them to be evil, useless, and unseemly, and worthy not only not of gods but not even of good men, he cast them all out and prepared men to speak and think the best things about the gods, attributing to them no pursuit unworthy of their blessed nature.

Notes

  1. §2.18.1τοῦ ἀνδρὸς ἄγαμαι — The verb ἄγαμαι takes the person admired in the genitive (τοῦ ἀνδρὸς) and the thing or reason for admiration in the accusative (ταῦτα, ἅ...).
  2. ¦272¦ὅτι τοῦ καλῶς οἰκεῖσθαι — The ὅτι clause extends to the verb ἐνόμισεν at the end of the section. The participle ὑπολαβών governs αἰτίας, with which the appositives "first...", "next...", and "lastly..." are aligned as the assumed causes. The subject of the clause is Romulus, understood from the context.
  3. §2.18.2ὧν πολλὴν ἔσχε πρόνοιαν — The relative pronoun ὧν is a neuter plural referring back to the elements of the preceding clause (laws and good pursuits) and functions as an objective genitive dependent on the noun πρόνοιαν.
  4. §2.18.3οὐχ ὅτι θεῶν ἀλλʼ οὐδʼ ἀνθρώπων — The phrase οὐχ ὅτι meaning "not only (not)" is used here with the following ἀλλʼ οὐδέ ("not even") to form a correlative structure that intensifies the negation: "not only unworthy of gods, but not even of good men."

Cite this passage

Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities §2.18.1-2.18.3. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0081.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:2.18.1-2.18.3

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