§11.1.1ἐπὶ δὲ τῆς ὀγδοηκοστῆς καὶ τρίτης ὀλυμπιάδος, ἣν ἐνίκα στάδιον Κρίσων Ἱμεραῖος, ἄρχοντος Ἀθήνησι Φιλίσκου καταλύουσι Ῥωμαῖοι τὴν τῶν δέκα ἀρχὴν ἔτη τρία τῶν κοινῶν ἐπιμεληθεῖσαν.
During the eighty-third Olympiad, in which Crison of Himera won the stadium race, and Philiscus was archon at Athens, the Romans put an end to the rule of the decemvirs, which had managed public affairs for three years.
ὃν δὲ τρόπον ἐπεχείρησαν ἐρριζωμένην ἤδη τὴν δυναστείαν ἐξελεῖν, καὶ τίνων ἀνδρῶν ἡγησαμένων τῆς ἐλευθερίας, καὶ διὰ ποίας αἰτίας καὶ προφάσεις, ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἀναλαβὼν πειράσομαι διελθεῖν ἀναγκαίας ὑπολαμβάνων εἶναι καὶ καλὰς τὰς τοιαύτας μαθήσεις ἅπασι μὲν ὡς εἰπεῖν ἀνθρώποις, μάλιστα δʼ ὅσοι περὶ τὴν φιλόσοφον θεωρίαν καὶ περὶ τὰς πολιτικὰς διατρίβουσι πράξεις.
In what manner they attempted to eradicate this power, which had already taken deep root, and under the leadership of what men they recovered their liberty, and through what causes and pretexts, I shall attempt to relate from the beginning, believing that such knowledge is both necessary and profitable for all men, so to speak, but especially for those who devote themselves to philosophical study and political action.
§11.1.2τοῖς τε γὰρ πολλοῖς οὐκ ἀπαρκεῖ τοῦτο μόνον ἐκ τῆς ἱστορίας παραλαβεῖν, ὅτι τὸν Περσικὸν πόλεμον — ἵνʼ ἐπὶ τούτου ποιήσωμαι τὸν λόγον — ἐνίκησαν Ἀθηναῖοί τε καὶ Λακεδαιμόνιοι δυσὶ ναυμαχίαις καὶ πεζομαχίᾳ μιᾷ καταγωνισάμενοι τὸν βάρβαρον τριακοσίας ἄγοντα μυριάδας αὐτοὶ σὺν τοῖς συμμάχοις οὐ πλείους ὄντες ἕνδεκα μυριάδων, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοὺς τόπους, ἐν οἷς αἱ πράξεις ἐγένοντο, βούλονται παρὰ τῆς ἱστορίας μαθεῖν, καὶ τὰς αἰτίας ἀκοῦσαι, διʼ ἃς τὰ θαυμαστὰ καὶ παράδοξα ἔργα ἐπετέλεσαν, καὶ τίνες ἦσαν οἱ τῶν στρατοπέδων ἡγεμόνες τῶν τε βαρβαρικῶν καὶ τῶν Ἑλληνικῶν ἱστορῆσαι, καὶ μηδενὸς ὡς εἰπεῖν ἀνήκοοι γενέσθαι τῶν συντελεσθέντων περὶ τοὺς ἀγῶνας.
For to the generality of mankind, it is not sufficient merely to receive this from history—to take this as an example—that the Athenians and Lacedaemonians won the Persian war by defeating the barbarian who led three million men in two sea-fights and one land-battle, while they themselves with their allies did not exceed one hundred and ten thousand; but they also wish to learn from history the places where the actions occurred, to hear the causes for which they performed these wonderful and unexpected deeds, to inquire who were the commanders of the barbarian and the Greek forces, and to remain ignorant of virtually nothing that was accomplished in those struggles.
§11.1.3ἥδεται γὰρ ἡ διάνοια παντὸς ἀνθρώπου χειραγωγουμένη διὰ τῶν λόγων ἐπὶ τὰ ἔργα καὶ μὴ μόνον ἀκούουσα τῶν λεγομένων, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰ πραττόμενα ὁρῶσα.
For the mind of every man is delighted when it is guided by words to the actual deeds, and not only hears what is said but also beholds what is being done.
οὐδέ γʼ ὅταν πολιτικὰς ἀκούσωσι πράξεις, ἀρκοῦνται τὸ κεφάλαιον αὐτὸ καὶ τὸ πέρας τῶν πραγμάτων μαθόντες, ὅτι συνεχώρησαν Ἀθηναῖοι Λακεδαιμονίοις τείχη τε καθελεῖν τῆς πόλεως αὐτῶν καὶ ναῦς διατεμεῖν καὶ φρουρὰν εἰς τὴν ἀκρόπολιν εἰσαγαγεῖν καὶ ἀντὶ τῆς πατρίου δημοκρατίας ὀλιγαρχίαν τῶν κοινῶν ἀποδεῖξαι κυρίαν οὐδὲ πρὸς αὐτοὺς ἀγῶνα ἀράμενοι, ἀλλʼ εὐθὺς ἀξιοῦσι καὶ τίνες ἦσαν αἱ κατασχοῦσαι τὴν πόλιν ἀνάγκαι, διʼ ἃς ταῦτα τὰ δεινὰ καὶ σχέτλια ὑπέμεινε, καὶ τίνες οἱ πείσαντες αὐτοὺς λόγοι καὶ ὑπὸ τίνων ῥηθέντες ἀνδρῶν καὶ πάντα, ὅσα παρακολουθεῖ τοῖς πράγμασι, διδαχθῆναι.
Nor indeed, when they hear of political transactions, are they satisfied with learning the mere sum and outcome of the matter, namely, that the Athenians consented to Lacedaemonians pulling down the walls of their city, cutting up their ships, admitting a garrison into the acropolis, and establishing an oligarchy in control of public affairs instead of their ancestral democracy, without even raising a struggle against them; but they immediately demand to be informed also what were the necessities that constrained the city, through which it submitted to these terrible and cruel things, what were the arguments that persuaded them, by what men they were spoken, and everything else that accompanied the events.
§11.1.4τοῖς δὲ πολιτικοῖς ἀνδράσιν, ἐν οἷς ἔγωγε τίθεμαι καὶ τοὺς φιλοσόφους, ὅσοι μὴ λόγων, ἀλλʼ ἔργων καλῶν ἄσκησιν ἡγοῦνται τὴν φιλοσοφίαν, τὸ μὲν ἥδεσθαι τῇ παντελεῖ θεωρίᾳ τῶν παρακολουθούντων τοῖς πράγμασι κοινὸν ὥσπερ καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις ἀνθρώποις ὑπάρχει·
To political men—among whom I place also those philosophers who consider philosophy to be the practice of noble deeds, not of words— the delight in the complete contemplation of everything accompanying the events is common to them as well as to other men; but apart from this delight, there comes to them from such experience the power to render great service to their cities in necessary emergencies, and to lead them by persuasion willingly toward what is advantageous.
χωρὶς δὲ τῆς ἡδονῆς περιγίγνεται τὸ περὶ τοὺς ἀναγκαίους καιροὺς μεγάλα τὰς πόλεις ἐκ τῆς τοιαύτης ἐμπειρίας ὠφελεῖν, καὶ ἄγειν αὐτὰς ἑκούσας ἐπὶ τὰ συμφέροντα διὰ τοῦ λόγου. §11.1.5ῥᾷστα γὰρ οἱ ἄνθρωποι τά τε ὠφελοῦντα καὶ βλάπτοντα καταμανθάνουσιν, ὅταν ἐπὶ παραδειγμάτων ταῦτα πολλῶν ὁρῶσι, καὶ τοῖς ἐπὶ ταῦτα παρακαλοῦσιν αὐτοὺς φρόνησιν μαρτυροῦσι καὶ πολλὴν σοφίαν.
For men most easily learn what is beneficial and what is harmful when they see these things in many examples, and they testify to the prudence and great wisdom of those who exhort them to these things.
διὰ ταύτας δή μοι τὰς αἰτίας ἔδοξεν ἅπαντα ἀκριβῶς διελθεῖν τὰ γενόμενα περὶ τὴν κατάλυσιν τῆς ὀλιγαρχίας, §11.1.6ὅσα δὴ καὶ λόγου τυχεῖν ἄξια ἡγοῦμαι.
For these reasons, therefore, I have thought it best to relate with accuracy all the events concerning the overthrow of the oligarchy, such of them, indeed, as I consider worthy of record.
ποιήσομαι δὲ τὸν περὶ αὐτῶν λόγον οὐκ ἀπὸ τῶν τελευταίων ἀρξάμενος, ἅ δοκεῖ τοῖς πολλοῖς αἴτια γενέσθαι μόνα τῆς ἐλευθερίας, λέγω δὲ τῶν περὶ τὴν παρθένον ἁμαρτηθέντων Ἀππίῳ διὰ τὸν ἔρωτα· προσθήκη γὰρ αὕτη γε καὶ τελευταία τῆς ὁργῆς τῶν δημοτῶν αἰτία μυρίων ἄλλων προηγησαμένων, ἀλλʼ ἀφʼ ὧν ἤρξατο πρῶτον ἡ πόλις ὑπὸ τῆς δεκαδαρχίας ὑβρίζεσθαι.
And I shall make my account of them, not by beginning with the final events which seem to the majority to be the sole cause of their liberty—I mean the offense committed by Appius against the maiden because of his love, for this was but an addition and the final cause of the plebeians' anger, after countless others had preceded it—but from the time when the city first began to be abused by the decemvirate.
ταῦτα πρῶτον ἐρῶ καὶ διέξειμι πάσας ἐφεξῆς τὰς ἐν τῇ τότε καταστάσει γενηθείσας παρανομίας.
This is what I shall first relate, and I shall go through in order all the acts of lawlessness that occurred under that establishment.