§8Ἔτι ἀγνοεῖν ἐοίκασιν οἱ τοιοῦτοι ὡς ποιητικῆς μὲν καὶ ποιημάτων ἄλλαι ὑποσχέσεις καὶ κανόνες ἴδιοι, ἱστορίας δὲ ἄλλοι.
Furthermore, such people seem to be ignorant that for poetry and poems there are other promises and their own rules, but for history others.
ἐκεῖ μὲν γὰρ ἄκρατος ἡ ἐλευθερία καὶ νόμος εἷς—τὸ δόξαν τῷ ποιητῇ.
For there freedom is absolute and there is one law—what seems good to the poet.
ἔνθεος γὰρ καὶ κάτοχος ἐκ Μουσῶν, κἂν ἵππων ὑποπτέρων ἅρμα ζεύξασθαι ἐθέλῃ, κἂν ἐφ' ὕδατος ἄλλους ἢ ἐπ' ἀνθερίκων ἄκρων θευσομένους ἀναβιβάσηται, φθόνος οὐδείς· οὐδὲ ὁπόταν ὁ Ζεὺς αὐτῶν ἀπὸ μιᾶς σειρᾶς ἀνασπάσας αἰωρῇ ὁμοῦ γῆν καὶ θάλατταν, δεδίασι μὴ ἀπορραγείσης ἐκείνης συντριβῇ τὰ πάντα κατενεχθέντα.
For he is inspired and possessed by the Muses, and even if he wishes to yoke a chariot of winged horses, or if he mounts others to run upon water or upon the tips of asphodel stalks, there is no blame; nor when their Zeus suspends earth and sea together, drawing them up by a single chain, do they fear lest, if that chain breaks, all things should be dashed to pieces falling down.
ἀλλὰ κἂν Ἀγαμέμνονα ἐπαινέσαι θέλωσιν, οὐδεὶς ὁ κωλύσων Διὶ μὲν αὐτὸν ὅμοιον εἶναι τὴν κεφαλὴν καὶ τὰ ὄμματα, τὸ στέρνον δὲ τῷ ἀδελφῷ αὐτοῦ τῷ Ποσειδῶνι, τὴν δὲ ζώνην τῷ Ἄρει, καὶ ὅλως σύνθετον ἐκ πάντων θεῶν γενέσθαι δεῖ τὸν Ἀτρέως καὶ Ἀερόπης· οὐ γὰρ ἱκανὸς ὁ Ζεὺς οὐδὲ ὁ Ποσειδῶν οὐδὲ ὁ Ἄρης μόνος ἕκαστος ἀναπληρῶσαι τὸ κάλλος αὐτοῦ.
But even if they wish to praise Agamemnon, there is no one who will prevent him from being like Zeus in head and eyes, and in chest to his brother Poseidon, and in belt to Ares, and in general that the son of Atreus and Aerope must be a composite of all the gods; for neither Zeus nor Poseidon nor Ares is sufficient, each alone, to complete his beauty.
ἡ ἰστορία δὲ ἤν τινα κολακείαν τοιαύτην προσλάβῃ, τί ἄλλο ἢ πεζή τις ποιητικὴ γίγνεται, τῆς μεγαλοφωνίας μὲν ἐκείνης ἐστερημένη, τὴν λοιπὴν δὲ τερατείαν γυμνὴν τῶν μέτρων καὶ δι’ αὐτὸ ἐπισημοτέραν ἐκφαίνουσα;
But if history takes in any such flattery, what else does it become but a kind of prose poetry, deprived of that grand style indeed, but revealing the remaining monstrosity stripped of meters and on that account more conspicuous?
μέγα τοίνυν—μᾶλλον δὲ ὑπέρμεγα τοῦτο κακόν—εἰ μὴ εἰδείη τις χωρίζειν τὰ ἱστορίας καὶ τὰ ποιητικῆς, ἀλλ’ ἐπεισάγοι τῇ ἱστορίᾳ τὰ τῆς ἑτέρας κομμώματα—τὸν μῦθον καὶ τὸ ἐγκώμιον καὶ τὰς ἐν τούτοις ὑπερβολάς—ὥσπερ ἂν εἴ τις ἀθλητὴν τῶν καρτερῶν τούτων καὶ κομιδῇ πρινίνων ἁλουργίσι περιβάλοι καὶ τῷ ἄλλῳ κόσμῳ τῷ ἑταιρικῷ καὶ φυκίον ἐντρίβοι καὶ ψιμύθιον τῷ προσώπῳ.
It is therefore a great—or rather extremely great—evil if one does not know how to separate the things of history and the things of poetry, but imports into history the embellishments of the other—myth, panegyric, and the exaggerations in them—just as if one should clothe one of these tough and thoroughly hardy athletes in purple robes and other courtesan's finery, and rub rouge and white lead on his face.
Ἡράκλεις ὡς καταγέλαστον αὐτὸν ἀπεργάσαιτ' αἰσχύνας τῷ κόσμῳ ἐκείνῳ.
Heracles! How ridiculous he would render him, disgracing him with that finery.
§9Καὶ οὐ τοῦτό φημι, ὡς οὐχὶ καὶ ἐπαινετέον ἐν ἱστορίᾳ ἐνίοτε.
And I do not say this, that one must not also praise in history sometimes.
ἀλλ’ ἐν καιρῷ τῷ προσήκοντι ἐπαινετέον καὶ μέτρον ἐπακτέον τῷ πράγματι, τὸ μὴ ἐπαχθὲς τοῖς ὕστερον ἀναγνωσομένοις αὐτά, καὶ ὅλως πρὸς τὰ ἔπειτα κανονιστέον τὰ τοιαῦτα, ἅπερ μικρὸν ὕστερον ἐπιδείξομεν.
But one must praise at the fitting season and apply a measure to the matter, so that it may not be offensive to those who will read them later, and in general such things must be regulated for the future, which we shall point out a little later.
Ὅσοι δὲ οἴονται καλῶς διαιρεῖν εἰς δύο τὴν ἱστορίαν, εἰς τὸ τερπνὸν καὶ χρήσιμον, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο εἰσποιοῦσι καὶ τὸ ἐγκώμιον ἐς αὐτὴν ὡς τερπνὸν καὶ εὐφραῖνον τοὺς ἐντυγχάνοντας, ὁρᾷς ὅσον τἀληθοῦς ἡμαρτήκασι;
But as many as think they divide history well into two, into the pleasurable and the useful, and for this reason also introduce panegyric into it as something pleasurable and delighting those who read it, do you see how far they have missed the truth?
πρῶτον μὲν κιβδήλῳ τῇ διαιρέσει χρώμενοι· ἓν γὰρ ἔργον ἱστορίας καὶ τέλος, τὸ χρήσιμον, ὅπερ ἐκ τοῦ ἀληθοῦς μόνου συνάγεται.
Firstly, because they use a false division; for there is one task and end of history, the useful, which is gathered from truth alone.
τὸ τερπνὸν δὲ ἄμεινον μὲν εἰ καὶ αὐτὸ παρακολουθήσειεν—ὥσπερ καὶ κάλλος ἀθλητῇ· εἰ δὲ μή, οὐδὲν κωλύσει ἀφ' Ἡρακλέους γενέσθαι Νικόστρατον τὸν Ἰσιδότου, γεννάδαν ὄντα καὶ τῶν ἀνταγωνιστῶν ἑκατέρων ἀλκιμώτερον, εἰ αὐτὸς μὲν αἴσχιστος ὀφθῆναι εἴη τὴν ὄψιν, Ἀλκαῖος δὲ ὁ καλὸς ὁ Μιλήσιος ἀνταγωνίζοιτο αὐτῷ, καὶ ἐρώμενος, ὥς φασι, τοῦ Νικοστράτου ὤν.
And as for the pleasurable, it is better if it too should follow—just as beauty also is to an athlete; but if not, nothing will prevent Nicostratus the son of Isidotus, descended from Heracles, being noble and stronger than either of his opponents, from being so, even if he himself were extremely ugly to look at in appearance, and Alcaeus the beautiful Miletian should compete against him, and being, as they say, the beloved of Nicostratus.
καὶ τοίνυν ἡ ἱστορία, εἰ μὲν ἄλλως τὸ τερπνὸν παρεμπορεύσαιτο, πολλοὺς ἂν τοὺς ἐραστὰς ἐπισπάσαιτο, ἄχρι δ’ ἂν καὶ μόνον ἔχῃ τὸ ἴδιον ἐντελές—λέγω δὲ τὴν τῆς ἀληθείας δήλωσιν—, ὀλίγον τοῦ κάλλους φροντιεῖ.
And therefore history, if it should additionally trade in pleasure, would attract many lovers, but as long as it has its own perfect character alone—and I mean the manifestation of truth—it will care little for beauty.