§5Καίτοι οὐδὲ παραινέσεως οἱ πολλοὶ δεῖν οἴονται σφίσιν ἐπὶ τὸ πρᾶγμα, οὐ μᾶλλον ἢ τέχνης τινὸς ἐπὶ τὸ βαδίζειν ἢ βλέπειν ἢ ἐσθίειν, ἀλλὰ πάνυ ῥᾷστον καὶ πρόχειρον καὶ ἅπαντος εἶναι ἱστορίαν συγγράψαι, ἤν τις ἑρμηνεῦσαι τὸ ἐπελθὸν δύνηται.
Yet the majority of them do not think they need any advice for this business, any more than they need some art for walking or seeing or eating; they think that writing history is extremely easy, ready to hand, and within anyone's power, if only one can express what comes into one's mind.
τὸ δὲ οἶσθά που καὶ αὐτός, ὦ ἑταῖρε, ὡς οὐ τῶν εὐμεταχειρίστων οὐδὲ ῥᾳθύμως συντεθῆναι δυναμένων τοῦτ' ἐστίν, ἀλλ’, εἴ τι ἐν λόγοις καὶ ἄλλο, πολλῆς τῆς φροντίδος δεόμενον, ἤν τις, ὡς ὁ Θουκυδίδης φησίν, ἐς ἀεὶ κτῆμα συντιθείη.
But you yourself know, my friend, that this is not one of those things easily handled or capable of being put together carelessly, but rather, if anything in literature is, it is a thing requiring great care, if one is to compose, as Thucydides says, a possession for all time.
οἶδα μὲν οὖν οὐ πάνυ πολλοὺς αὐτῶν ἐπιστρέψων, ἐνίοις δὲ καὶ πάνυ ἐπαχθὴς δόξων, καὶ μάλιστα ὁπόσοις ἀποτετέλεσται ἤδη καὶ ἐν τῷ κοινῷ δέδεικται ἡ ἱστορία.
I know, then, that I shall not turn very many of them back, and that to some I shall seem extremely offensive, especially to those whose history is already finished and has been shown in public.
εἰ δὲ καὶ ἐπῄνηται ὑπὸ τῶν τότε ἀκροασαμένων, μανία ἂν εἴη ἡ ἐλπίς, ὡς οἱ τοιοῦτοι μεταποιήσουσιν ἢ μετεγγράψουσί τι τῶν ἅπαξ κεκυρωμένων καὶ ὥσπερ ἐς τὰς βασιλείους αὐλὰς ἀποκειμένων.
And if it has also been praised by those who listened to it then, it would be madness to hope that such people will change or rewrite anything of what has been once approved and, as it were, laid up in the royal archives.
ὅμως δὲ οὐ χεῖρον καὶ πρὸς αὐτοὺς ἐκείνους εἰρῆσθαι, ἵν', εἴ ποτε πόλεμος ἄλλος συσταίη, ἢ Κελτοῖς πρὸς Γέτας ἢ Ἰνδοῖς πρὸς Βακτρίους (οὐ γὰρ πρὸς ἡμᾶς γε τολμήσειεν ἄν τις, ἁπάντων ἤδη κεχειρωμένων) ἔχωσιν ἄμεινον συντιθέναι τὸν κανόνα τοῦτον προσάγοντες, ἤνπερ γε δόξῃ αὐτοῖς ὀρθὸς εἶναι·
Nevertheless, it is not a bad thing to speak to them as well, so that if ever another war should arise, either of Celts against Getae or of Indians against Bactrians (for no one would dare to fight against us, since all are now subdued), they may have a better way to compose by applying this rule, if indeed it seems correct to them; but if not, let them measure the business then with the same yardstick as they do now.
εἰ δὲ μή, αὐτοὶ μὲν καὶ τότε τῷ αὐτῷ πήχει ὥσπερ καὶ νῦν μετρούντων τὸ πρᾶγμα. ὁ ἰατρὸς δὲ οὐ πάνυ ἀνιάσεται, ἢν πάντες Ἀβδηρῖται ἑκόντες Ἀνδρομέδαν τραγῳδῶσι.
The doctor will not be very much distressed if all Abderites willingly sing the Andromeda in tragedy.
§6Διττοῦ δὲ ὄντος τοῦ τῆς συμβουλῆς ἔργου, τὰ μὲν γὰρ αἱρεῖσθαι, τὰ δὲ φεύγειν διδάσκει, φέρε πρῶτα εἴπωμεν ἅτινα φευκτέον τῷ ἱστορίαν συγγράφοντι καὶ ὧν μάλιστα καθαρευτέον, ἔπειτα οἷς χρώμενος οὐκ ἂν ἁμάρτοι τῆς ὀρθῆς καὶ ἐπ' εὐθὺ ἀγούσης—ἀρχήν τε οἵαν αὐτῷ ἀρκτέον καὶ τάξιν ἥντινα τοῖς ἔργοις ἐφαρμοστέον καὶ μέτρον ἑκάστου καὶ ἃ σιωπητέον καὶ οἷς ἐνδιατριπτέον καὶ ὅσα παραδραμεῖν ἄμεινον καὶ ὅπως ἑρμηνεῦσαι αὐτὰ καὶ συναρμόσαι.
Since the task of advice is twofold—for it teaches what to choose and what to avoid—come, let us first say what must be avoided by the writer of history and what they must especially keep clear of, and then by what means using which one would not miss the path that is straight and leads directly—what kind of beginning one must start with, what order must be applied to the events, the measure of each, what must be passed over in silence, what must be dwelt upon, what things are better run over, and how to express and harmonize them.
Ταῦτα μὲν καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα ὕστερον.
These things and others of this kind we shall discuss later.
νῦν δὲ τὰς κακίας ἤδη εἴπωμεν, ὁπόσαι τοῖς φαύλως συγγράφουσιν παρακολουθοῦσιν.
But now let us speak of the vices that accompany those who write poorly.
ἃ μὲν οὖν κοινὰ πάντων λόγων ἐστὶν ἁμαρτήματα ἔν τε φωνῇ καὶ ἁρμονίᾳ καὶ διανοίᾳ καὶ τῇ ἄλλῃ ἀτεχνίᾳ, μακρόν τε ἂν εἴη ἐπελθεῖν καὶ τῆς παρούσης ὑποθέσεως οὐκ ἴδιον.
Now, the faults that are common to all discourse in vocabulary, harmony, thought, and other lack of art would be a long story to go through, and not peculiar to our present subject.
§7ἃ δ’ ἐν ἱστορίᾳ διαμαρτάνουσι, τὰ τοιαῦτα ἂν εὕροις ἐπιτηρῶν, οἷα κἀμοὶ πολλάκις ἀκροωμένῳ ἔδοξεν, καὶ μάλιστα ἢν ἅπασιν αὐτοῖς ἀναπετάσῃς τὰ ὦτα.
But as for what they do wrong in history, you would find such things by observing, as they often seemed to me when I was listening, and especially if you open your ears wide to all of them.
οὐκ ἄκαιρον δὲ μεταξὺ καὶ ἀπομνημονεῦσαι ἔνια παραδείγματος ἕνεκα τῶν ἤδη οὕτως συγγεγραμμένων. Καὶ πρῶτόν γε ἐκεῖνο ἡλίκον ἁμαρτάνουσιν ἐπισκοπήσωμεν·
And it is not out of season to mention some of them in the meantime by way of example from those already so written.
ἀμελήσαντες γὰρ οἱ πολλοὶ αὐτῶν τοῦ ἱστορεῖν τὰ γεγενημένα τοῖς ἐπαίνοις ἀρχόντων καὶ στρατηγῶν ἐνδιατρίβουσιν τοὺς μὲν οἰκείους ἐς ὕψος αἴροντες τοὺς πολεμίους δὲ πέρα τοῦ μετρίου καταρρίπτοντες ἀγνοοῦντες ὡς οὐ στενῷ τῷ ἰσθμῷ διώρισται καὶ διατετείχισται ἡ ἱστορία πρὸς τὸ ἐγκώμιον, ἀλλά τι μέγα τεῖχος ἐν μέσῳ ἐστὶν αὐτῶν καὶ τὸ τῶν μουσικῶν δὴ τοῦτο, δὶς διὰ πασῶν ἐστι πρὸς ἄλληλα—εἴ γε τῷ μὲν ἐγκωμιάζοντι μόνου ἑνὸς μέλει, ὁπωσοῦν ἐπαινέσαι καὶ εὐφρᾶναι τὸν ἐπαινούμενον, καὶ εἰ ψευσαμένῳ ὑπάρχει τυχεῖν τοῦ τέλους, ὀλίγον ἂν φροντίσειεν.
And first let us examine how great a mistake they make; for the majority of them, neglecting to record what happened, spend their time in the praise of rulers and generals, raising their own side to the skies and casting down the enemy beyond measure, not knowing that history is not separated and walled off from panegyric by a narrow isthmus, but there is a great wall between them, and, as the musicians say, they are "two octaves" apart from each other—since to the panegyrist only one thing matters, to praise and delight the person praised in any way whatsoever, and if he can achieve his end by lying, he would care little.
ἡ δὲ οὐκ ἄν τι ψεῦδος ἐμπεσὸν ἡ ἱστορία, οὐδὲ ἀκαριαῖον ἀνάσχοιτο, οὐ μᾶλλον ἢ τὴν ἀρτηρίαν ἰατρῶν παῖδές φασι τὴν τραχεῖαν παραδέξασθαι ἄν τι ἐς αὐτὴν καταποθέν.
But history would not tolerate any lie falling into it, not even for a moment, any more than the sons of physicians say the windpipe would admit anything swallowed into it.