§50Μάλιστα δὲ κατόπτρῳ ἐοικυῖαν παρασχέσθω τὴν γνώμην ἀθόλῳ καὶ στιλπνῷ καὶ ἀκριβεῖ τὸ κέντρον καὶ ὁποίας ἂν δέξηται τὰς μορφὰς τῶν ἔργων τοιαῦτα καὶ δεικνύτω αὐτά, διάστροφον δὲ ἢ παράχρουν ἢ ἑτερόσχημον μηδέν.
Above all, let him present his mind resembling a mirror that is clear, bright, and accurate in its center; and whatever shapes of deeds it receives, let it show them just as they are, nothing distorted, discolored, or different in shape.
οὐ γὰρ ὥσπερ οἱ ῥήτορες γράφουσιν, ἀλλὰ τὰ μὲν λεχθησόμενα ἔστιν καὶ εἰρήσεται· πέπρακται γὰρ ἤδη· δεῖ δὲ τάξαι καὶ εἰπεῖν αὐτά.
For they do not write as the rhetoricians do, but the things to be said exist and will be said, for they have already been done; it is only necessary to arrange and speak them.
ὥστε οὐ τί εἴπωσι ζητητέον αὐτοῖς ἀλλ’ ὅπως εἴπωσιν.
So, they must not seek what they should say, but how they should say it.
ὅλως δὲ, νομιστέον τὸν ἱστορίαν συγγράφοντα Φειδίᾳ χρῆναι ἢ Πραξιτέλει ἐοικέναι ἢ Ἀλκαμένει ἤ τῳ ἄλλῳ ἐκείνων—οὐδὲ γὰρ οὐδ’ ἐκεῖνοι χρυσὸν ἢ ἄργυρον ἢ ἐλέφαντα ἢ τὴν ἄλλην ὕλην ἐποίουν, ἀλλ’ ἡ μὲν ὑπῆρχε καὶ προϋπεβέβλητο Ἠλείων ἢ Ἀθηναίων ἢ Ἀργείων πεπορισμένων, οἱ δὲ ἔπλαττον μόνον καὶ ἔπριον τὸν ἐλέφαντα καὶ ἔξεον καὶ ἐκόλλων καὶ ἐρρύθμιζον καὶ ἐπήνθιζον τῷ χρυσῷ, καὶ τοῦτο ἦν ἡ τέχνη αὐτοῖς ἐς δέον οἰκονομήσασθαι τὴν ὕλην.
In general, one must believe that the writer of history ought to resemble Phidias, or Praxiteles, or Alcamenes, or some other of them—for not even did those men make the gold, or the silver, or the ivory, or the other material, but it existed and was already supplied, being provided by the Eleans, or Athenians, or Argives; and they only shaped and sawed the ivory, and polished, glued, proportioned, and adorned it with gold, and this was their art: to manage the material properly.
§51Τοιοῦτο δή τι καὶ τὸ τοῦ συγγραφέως ἔργον—εἰς καλὸν διαθέσθαι τὰ πεπραγμένα καὶ εἰς δύναμιν ἐναργέστατα ἐπιδεῖξαι αὐτά.
Such indeed is also the task of the historian—to arrange well the things done and to display them as clearly as possible.
καὶ ὅταν τις ἀκροώμενος οἴηται μετὰ ταῦτα ὁρᾶν τὰ λεγόμενα καὶ μετὰ τοῦτο ἐπαινῇ, τότε δὴ τότε ἀπηκρίβωται καὶ τὸν οἰκεῖον ἔπαινον ἀπείληφε τὸ ἔργον τῷ τῆς ἱστορίας Φειδίᾳ.
And whenever someone listening thinks after this that he sees the things spoken of, and after this praises them, then indeed, then the work is perfected and has received its proper praise by the Phidias of history.
§52Πάντων δὲ ἤδη παρεσκευασμένων καὶ ἀπροοιμίαστον μέν ποτε ποιήσεται τὴν ἀρχήν, ὁπόταν μὴ πάνυ κατεπείγῃ τὸ πρᾶγμα προδιοικήσασθαί τι ἐν τῷ προοιμίῳ· δυνάμει δὲ καὶ τότε φροιμίῳ χρήσεται τῷ ἀποσαφοῦντι περὶ τῶν λεκτέων.
And when all things are now prepared, he will sometimes make the beginning without a preface, whenever the matter does not at all press to pre-arrange something in the preface; yet even then, in effect, he will use a preface that makes clear the things to be said.
§53Ὁπόταν δὲ καὶ φροιμιάζηται, ἀπὸ δυοῖν μόνον ἄρξεται, οὐχ ὥσπερ οἱ ῥήτορες ἀπὸ τριῶν, ἀλλὰ τὸ τῆς εὐνοίας παρεὶς προσοχὴν καὶ εὐμάθειαν εὐπορήσει τοῖς ἀκούουσι.
And whenever he does use a preface, he will begin from two elements only, not as the rhetoricians from three, but having omitted goodwill, he will provide the listeners with attention and ease of understanding.
προσέξουσι μὲν γὰρ αὐτῷ ἢν δείξῃ ὡς περὶ μεγάλων ἢ ἀναγκαίων ἢ οἰκείων ἢ χρησίμων ἐρεῖ.
For they will pay attention to him if he shows that he will speak of great, or necessary, or personal, or useful things.
εὐμαθῆ δὲ καὶ σαφῆ τὰ ὕστερα ποιήσει τὰς αἰτίας προεκτιθέμενος καὶ περιορίζων τὰ κεφάλαια τῶν γεγενημένων.
And he will make the subsequent narrative easy to understand and clear by setting forth the causes beforehand and defining the main points of what has happened.
§54τοιούτοις προοιμίοις οἱ ἄριστοι τῶν συγγραφέων ἐχρήσαντο· Ἡρόδοτος μέν, ὡς μὴ τὰ γενόμενα ἐξίτηλα τῷ χρόνῳ γένηται, μεγάλα καὶ θαυμαστὰ ὄντα καὶ ταῦτα νίκας Ἑλληνικὰς δηλοῦντα καὶ ἥττας βαρβαρικάς· Θουκυδίδης δέ, μέγαν τε καὶ αὐτὸς ἐλπίσας ἔσεσθαι καὶ ἀξιολογώτατον καὶ μείζω τῶν προγεγενημένων ἐκεῖνον τὸν πόλεμον· καὶ γὰρ παθήματα ἐν αὐτῷ μεγάλα ξυνέβη γενέσθαι.
With such prefaces the best of the historians made use: Herodotus, so that the things that happened might not become faded by time, being great and wonderful, and showing Greek victories and barbarian defeats; Thucydides, having expected himself too that that war would be great and most worthy of mention, and greater than those that went before; for indeed great sufferings happened to occur in it.
§55Μετὰ δὲ τὸ προοίμιον, ἀνάλογον τοῖς πράγμασιν ἢ μηκυνόμενον ἢ βραχυνόμενον, εὐαφὴς τε καὶ εὐάγωγος ἔστω ἡ ἐπὶ τὴν διήγησιν μετάβασις.
And after the preface, lengthened or shortened in proportion to the facts, let the transition to the narrative be easy and smooth.
ἅπαν γὰρ ἀτεχνῶς τὸ λοιπὸν σῶμα τῆς ἱστορίας διήγησις μακρά ἐστιν.
For absolutely the whole remaining body of history is a long narrative.
ὥστε ταῖς τῆς διηγήσεως ἀρεταῖς κατακεκοσμήσθω, λείως τε καὶ ὁμαλῶς προϊοῦσα καὶ αὐτὴ ὁμοίως ὥστε μὴ προὔχειν μηδὲ κοιλαίνεσθαι· ἔπειτα τὸ σαφὲς ἐπανθείτω, τῇ τε λέξει, ὡς ἔφην, μεμηχανημένον καὶ τῇ συμπεριπλοκῇ τῶν πραγμάτων.
Therefore, let it be adorned with the virtues of narrative, proceeding smoothly and evenly, and itself likewise, so as neither to protrude nor to be hollowed out; then let clarity bloom upon it, produced, as I said, by the style and by the interweaving of the facts.
ἀπόλυτα γὰρ καὶ ἐντελῆ πάντα ποιήσει, καὶ τὸ πρῶτον ἐξεργασάμενος ἐπάξει τὸ δεύτερον ἐχόμενον αὐτοῦ καὶ ἁλύσεως τρόπον συνηρμοσμένον ὡς μὴ διακεκόφθαι μηδὲ διηγήσεις πολλὰς εἶναι ἀλλήλαις παρακειμένας, ἀλλ’ ἀεὶ τῷ πρώτῳ τὸ δεύτερον μὴ γειτνιᾶν μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ κοινωνεῖν καὶ ἀνακεκρᾶσθαι κατὰ τὰ ἄκρα.
For he will make all things independent and complete, and having finished the first, he will bring in the second which holds onto it and is joined together in the manner of a chain, so that it may not be broken off nor be many narratives lying next to one another, but always the second should not only be near the first, but also share and be mixed with it at the ends.
§56Τάχος ἐπὶ πᾶσι χρήσιμον, καὶ μάλιστα εἰ μὴ ἀπορία τῶν λεκτέων εἴη· καὶ τοῦτο πορίζεσθαι χρὴ μὴ τοσοῦτον ἀπὸ τῶν ὀνομάτων ἢ ῥημάτων ὅσον ἀπὸ τῶν πραγμάτων—λέγω δέ, εἰ παραθέοις μὲν τὰ μικρὰ καὶ ἧττον ἀναγκαῖα, λέγοις δὲ ἱκανῶς τὰ μεγάλα· μᾶλλον δὲ καὶ παραλειπτέον πολλά.
Swiftness is useful in all things, and especially if there is no lack of things to be said; and this must be provided not so much from nouns or verbs as from the facts—I mean, if you should run past the small and less necessary things, and speak sufficiently of the great ones; or rather, many things must even be left out.
οὐδὲ γὰρ ἢν ἑστιᾷς τοὺς φίλους καὶ πάντα ᾖ παρεσκευασμένα, διὰ τοῦτο ἐν μέσοις τοῖς πέμμασιν καὶ τοῖς ὀρνέοις καὶ λοπάσι τοσαύταις καὶ συσὶν ἀγρίοις καὶ λαγῳοῖς καὶ ὑπογαστρίοις καὶ σαπέρδην ἐνθήσεις καὶ ἔτνος ὅτι κἀκεῖνο παρεσκεύαστο, ἀμελήσεις δὲ τῶν εὐτελεστέρων.
For if you are entertaining your friends and all things have been prepared, you will not for this reason, in the midst of cakes and birds and so many dishes, and wild boars and hares and belly-cuts, place also salted saperdes and pea-soup just because that too had been prepared, but you will disregard the cheaper things.