§57Μάλιστα δὲ σωφρονητέον ἐν ταῖς τῶν ὀρῶν ἢ τειχῶν ἢ ποταμῶν ἑρμηνείαις ὡς μὴ δύναμιν λόγων ἀπειροκάλως παρεπιδείκνυσθαι δοκοίης καὶ τὸ σαυτοῦ δρᾶν παρεὶς τὴν ἱστορίαν, ἀλλ’ ὀλίγον προσαψάμενος τοῦ χρησίμου καὶ σαφοῦς ἕνεκα μεταβήσῃ ἐκφυγὼν τὸν ἰξὸν τὸν ἐν τῷ πράγματι καὶ τὴν τοιαύτην ἅπασαν λιχνείαν, οἷον ὁρᾷς καὶ Ὅμηρος ὁ μεγαλόφρων ποιεῖ· καίτοι ποιητὴς ὢν παραθεῖ τὸν Τάνταλον καὶ τὸν Ἰξίονα καὶ τὸν Τιτυὸν καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους.
Above all, one must exercise self-restraint in the descriptions of mountains, walls, or rivers, lest you should seem to display the power of your words unrefinedly and, having abandoned your own duty as a historian, to be acting for yourself; rather, having touched upon them briefly for the sake of utility and clarity, you will move on, escaping the bird-lime inherent in the matter and all such greediness, just as you see even the great-minded Homer does—who, although being a poet, runs past Tantalus, Ixion, Tityus, and the others.
εἰ δὲ Παρθένιος ἢ Εὐφορίων ἢ Καλλίμαχος ἔλεγεν, πόσοις ἂν οἴει ἔπεσι τὸ ὕδωρ ἄχρι πρὸς τὸ χεῖλος τοῦ Ταντάλου ἤγαγεν· εἶτα πόσοις ἂν Ἰξίονα ἐκύλισε.
But if Parthenius, or Euphorion, or Callimachus were speaking, in how many verses do you think he would have brought the water up to the lip of Tantalus, and in how many would he have rolled Ixion?
μᾶλλον δὲ ὁ Θουκυδίδης αὐτὸς ὀλίγα τῷ τοιούτῳ εἴδει τοῦ λόγου χρησάμενος σκέψαι ὅπως εὐθὺς ἀφίσταται ἢ μηχάνημα ἑρμηνεύσας ἢ πολιορκίας σχῆμα δηλώσας ἀναγκαῖον καὶ χρειῶδες ὂν ἢ Ἐπιπολῶν σχῆμα ἢ Συρακοσίων λιμένα.
Rather, consider how Thucydides himself, having used this style of speech sparingly, immediately withdraws after explaining a machine or showing the layout of a siege that is necessary and useful, or the shape of Epipolae, or the harbor of the Syracusans.
ὅταν μὲν γὰρ τὸν λοιμὸν διηγῆται καὶ μακρὸς εἶναι δοκῇ, σὺ τὰ πράγματα ἐννόησον· εἴσῃ γὰρ οὕτω τὸ τάχος καὶ ὡς φεύγοντος ὅμως ἐπιλαμβάνεται αὐτοῦ τὰ γεγενημένα πολλὰ ὄντα.
For even when he describes the plague and it seems to be long, do you consider the facts themselves; for thus you will know the swiftness, and how, though he is hastening past, the events, being many, keep hold of him.
§58Ἢν δέ ποτε καὶ λόγους ἐροῦντά τινα δεήσῃ εἰσάγειν, μάλιστα μὲν ἐοικότα τῷ προσώπῳ καὶ τῷ πράγματι οἰκεῖα λεγέσθω, ἔπειτα ὡς σαφέστατα καὶ ταῦτα.
And if it should ever be necessary to introduce someone who is going to deliver a speech, let things be said that are especially suited to the character and appropriate to the matter, and let these also be as clear as possible.
πλὴν ἐφεῖταί σοι τότε καὶ ῥητορεῦσαι καὶ ἐπιδεῖξαι τὴν τῶν λόγων δεινότητα.
However, it is permitted to you then to practice rhetoric and to display your skill in words.
§59Ἔπαινοι μὲν γὰρ ἢ ψόγοι πάνυ πεφεισμένοι καὶ περιεσκεμμένοι καὶ ἀσυκοφάντητοι καὶ μετὰ ἀποδείξεων καὶ ταχεῖς καὶ μὴ ἄκαιροι, ἐπεὶ ἔξω τοῦ δικαστηρίου ἐκεῖνοί εἰσιν, καὶ τὴν αὐτὴν Θεοπόμπῳ αἰτίαν ἕξεις φιλαπεχθημόνως κατηγοροῦντι τῶν πλείστων καὶ διατριβὴν ποιουμένῳ τὸ πρᾶγμα ὡς κατηγορεῖν μᾶλλον ἢ ἱστορεῖν τὰ πεπραγμένα.
For praises or censures must be extremely sparing, well-considered, free from slander, accompanied by proofs, swift, and not untimely—since those things are outside the courtroom; otherwise, you will hold the same accusation as Theopompus, who maliciously accused most people and made a business of the matter, so as to accuse rather than to history the deeds.
§60Καὶ μὴν καὶ μῦθος εἴ τις παρεμπέσοι, λεκτέος μέν, οὐ μὴν πιστωτέος πάντως, ἀλλ’ ἐν μέσῳ θετέος τοῖς ὅπως ἂν ἐθέλωσιν εἰκάσουσι περὶ αὐτοῦ· σὺ δ’ ἀκίνδυνος καὶ πρὸς οὐδέτερον ἐπιρρεπέστερος.
Moreover, if any myth should slip in, it must indeed be told, but by no means guaranteed, rather placed in the middle for those who wish to conjecture about it as they please; and you will be safe and leaning towards neither side.
§61Τὸ δ’ ὅλον ἐκείνου μοι μέμνησο—πολλάκις γὰρ τοῦτο ἐρῶ—καὶ μὴ πρὸς τὸ παρὸν μόνον ὁρῶν γράφε ὡς οἱ νῦν ἐπαινέσονταί σε καὶ τιμήσουσιν, ἀλλὰ τοῦ σύμπαντος αἰῶνος ἐστοχασμένος πρὸς τοὺς ἔπειτα μᾶλλον σύγγραφε καὶ παρ' ἐκείνων ἀπαίτει τὸν μισθὸν τῆς γραφῆς, ὡς λέγηται περὶ σοῦ, “ἐκεῖνος μέντοι ἐλεύθερος ἀνὴρ ἦν καὶ παρρησίας μεστός, οὐδὲν οὔτε κολακευτικὸν οὔτε δουλοπρεπές ἀλλ’ ἀλήθεια ἐπὶ πᾶσι. ” τοῦτ', εἰ σωφρονοίη τις, ὑπὲρ πάσας τὰς νῦν ἐλπίδας θεῖτο ἄν, οὕτως ὀλιγοχρονίους οὔσας.
And on the whole, remember that saying of mine—for I shall say this often—and write not looking only to the present, so that those of today will praise and honor you, but having aimed at all eternity, write rather for those who come after, and demand from them the reward of your writing, so that it may be said of you, "That man indeed was a free man and full of frankness, nothing flattering or slave-like, but truth above all." If anyone were wise, he would set this above all present hopes, which are so short-lived.
§62Ὁρᾷς τὸν Κνίδιον ἐκεῖνον ἀρχιτέκτονα οἷον ἐποίησεν;
Do you see what that Cnidian architect did?
οἰκοδομήσας γὰρ τὸν ἐπὶ τῇ Φάρῳ πύργον, μέγιστον καὶ κάλλιστον ἔργων ἁπάντων, ὡς πυρσεύοιτο ἀπ' αὐτοῦ τοῖς ναυτιλλομένοις ἐπὶ πολὺ τῆς θαλάττης καὶ μὴ καταφέροιντο ἐς τὴν Παραιτονίαν, παγχάλεπον, ὥς φασιν, οὖσαν καὶ ἄφυκτον εἴ τις ἐμπέσοι ἐς τὰ ἕρματα. οἰκοδομήσας οὖν τὸ ἔργον ἔνδοθεν μὲν κατὰ τῶν λίθων τὸ αὑτοῦ ὄνομα ἐπέγραψεν, ἐπιχρίσας δὲ τιτάνῳ καὶ ἐπικαλύψας ἐπέγραψε τοὔνομα τοῦ τότε βασιλεύοντος, εἰδώς, ὅπερ καὶ ἐγένετο, πάνυ ὀλίγου χρόνου συνεκπεσούμενα μὲν τῷ χρίσματι τὰ γράμματα ἐκφανησόμενον δέ, “Σώστρατος Δεξιφάνους Κνίδιος θεοῖς σωτῆρσιν ὑπὲρ τῶν πλωϊζομένων. ” οὕτως οὐδ’ ἐκεῖνος ἐς τὸν τότε καιρὸν οὐδὲ τὸν αὐτοῦ βίον τὸν ὀλίγον ἑώρα, ἀλλ’ εἰς τὸν νῦν καὶ τὸν ἀεί, ἄχρι ἂν ἑστήκῃ ὁ πύργος καὶ μένῃ αὐτοῦ ἡ τέχνη.
For having built the tower on Pharos, the greatest and most beautiful of all works, so that a signal-fire might shine from it to those at sea for a great distance, and they might not be carried down to Paraetonia, which is, they say, very difficult and inescapable if anyone falls into the shoals; having built the work, he inscribed his own name on the stones on the inside, but having plastered over it with gypsum and covered it, he inscribed the name of the king then reigning, knowing, which indeed came to pass, that in a very short time the letters would fall away together with the plaster, and there would be revealed: "Sostratus, son of Dexiphanes, a Cnidian, to the savior gods on behalf of those who sail." Thus not even did he look to the occasion then, nor to his own short life, but to the present and to eternity, as long as the tower should stand and his art remain.
§63Χρὴ τοίνυν καὶ τὴν ἱστορίαν οὕτω γράφεσθαι σὺν τῷ ἀληθεῖ μᾶλλον πρὸς τὴν μέλλουσαν ἐλπίδα ἤπερ σὺν κολακείᾳ πρὸς τὸ ἡδὺ τοῖς νῦν ἐπαινουμένοις.
It is necessary, therefore, that history also be written in this way, with truth rather for future hope than with flattery for the pleasure of those who are now praised.
οὗτός σοι κανὼν καὶ στάθμη ἱστορίας δικαίας.
This is your rule and plumb-line of just history.
καὶ εἰ μὲν σταθμήσονταί τινες αὐτῇ, εὖ ἂν ἔχοι καὶ εἰς δέον ἡμῖν γέγραπται· εἰ δὲ μή, κεκύλισται ὁ πίθος ἐν Κρανείῳ.
And if some will measure by it, it would be well, and it has been written to good purpose by us; but if not, the jar has been rolled in Craneum.