§44Ὡς γὰρ τῇ γνώμῃ τοῦ συγγραφέως σκοποὺς ὑπεθέμεθα παρρησίαν καὶ ἀλήθειαν, οὕτω δὲ καὶ τῇ φωνῇ αὐτοῦ εἷς σκοπὸς ὁ πρῶτος, σαφῶς δηλῶσαι καὶ φανότατα ἐμφανίσαι τὸ πρᾶγμα, μήτε ἀπορρήτοις καὶ ἔξω πάτου ὀνόμασι μήτε τοῖς ἀγοραίοις τούτοις καὶ καπηλικοῖς, ἀλλ’ ὡς μὲν τοὺς πολλοὺς συνεῖναι, τοὺς δὲ πεπαιδευμένους ἐπαινέσαι.
For just as we set frankness and truth as the goals for the mind of the historian, so also for his expression there is but one first goal: to show the matter clearly and to make it manifest most conspicuously, neither with obscure and out-of-the-way words, nor with these vulgar and retail-market ones, but in such a way that the many can understand and the educated can praise.
καὶ μὴν καὶ σχήμασι κεκοσμήσθω ἀνεπαχθέσι καὶ τὸ ἀνεπιτήδευτον μάλιστα ἔχουσιν, ἐπεὶ τοῖς κατηρτυμένοις τῶν ζωμῶν ἐοικότας ἀποφαίνει τοὺς λόγους.
Moreover, let it be adorned with figures that are not offensive and that possess above all a lack of affectation, since otherwise it makes the discourse resemble over-seasoned soups.
§45Καὶ ἡ μὲν γνώμη κοινωνείτω καὶ προσαπτέσθω τι καὶ ποιητικῆς παρ' ὅσον μεγαληγόρος καὶ διηρμένη καὶ ἐκείνη, καὶ μάλισθ' ὁπόταν παρατάξεσι καὶ μάχαις καὶ ναυμαχίαις συμπλέκηται· δεήσει γὰρ τότε ποιητικοῦ τινος ἀνέμου ἐπουριάσοντος τὰ ἀκάτια καὶ συνδιοίσοντος ὑψηλὴν καὶ ἐπ' ἄκρων τῶν κυμάτων τὴν ναῦν.
And let his mind share in and touch upon something of the poetic, in so far as that too is lofty and elevated, and especially whenever it is engaged in battle-arrays, land battles, and sea battles; for then there will be need of some poetic wind to fill the sails of the small boats and to help carry the ship high and upon the crests of the waves.
ἡ λέξις δὲ ὅμως ἐπὶ γῆς βεβηκέτω, τῷ μὲν κάλλει καὶ τῷ μεγέθει τῶν λεγομένων συνεπαιρομένη καὶ ὡς ἔνι μάλιστα ὁμοιουμένη, ξενίζουσα δὲ μηδ’ ὑπὲρ τὸν καιρὸν ἐνθουσιῶσα.
Yet let the style nevertheless walk upon the ground, rising along with the beauty and greatness of the things spoken of and conforming to them as much as possible, yet without being strange or enthusiastical beyond the proper occasion.
κινδύνων γὰρ αὐτῇ τότε ὁ μέγιστος παρακινῆσαι καὶ κατενεχθῆναι ἐς τὸν τῆς ποιητικῆς κορύβαντα, ὥστε μάλιστα πειστέον τηνικαῦτα τῷ χαλινῷ καὶ σωφρονητέον, εἰδότας ὡς ἱπποτυφία τις καὶ ἐν λόγοις πάθος οὐ μικρὸν γίγνεται.
For the greatest of dangers then is for it to go mad and be carried down into the Corybantic frenzy of poetry; wherefore one must then especially obey the rein and be sober, knowing that a certain mania and no small passion arises even in words.
ἄμεινον οὖν ἐφ' ἵππου ὀχουμένῃ τότε τῇ γνώμῃ τὴν ἑρμηνείαν πεζῇ συμπαραθεῖν, ἐχομένην τοῦ ἐφιππίου ὡς μὴ ἀπολείποιτο τῆς φορᾶς.
It is better, therefore, when the mind is riding on horseback, for the expression to run alongside on foot, holding onto the saddle-strap so as not to be left behind by the rush.
§46Καὶ μὴν καὶ συνθήκῃ τῶν ὀνομάτων εὐκράτῳ καὶ μέσῃ χρηστέον, οὔτε ἄγαν ἀφιστάντα καὶ ἀπαρτῶντα—τραχὺ γάρ—οὔτε ῥυθμῷ παρ' ὀλίγον ὡς οἱ πολλοί συνάπτοντα· τὸ μὲν γὰρ ἐπαίτιον, τὸ δὲ ἀηδὲς τοῖς ἀκούουσι.
Moreover, one must use a well-blended and moderate composition of words, neither separating and isolating them too much—for that is harsh—nor joining them almost into a rhythm as most people do; for the one is blameworthy, and the other is unpleasant to the listeners.
§47Τὰ δὲ πράγματα αὐτὰ οὐχ ὡς ἔτυχε συνακτέον, ἀλλὰ φιλοπόνως καὶ ταλαιπώρως πολλάκις περὶ τῶν αὐτῶν ἀνακρίναντα, καὶ μάλιστα μὲν παρόντα καὶ ἐφορῶντα, εἰ δὲ μή, τοῖς ἀδεκαστότερον ἐξηγουμένοις προσέχοντα καὶ οὓς εἰκάσειεν ἄν τις ἥκιστα πρὸς χάριν ἢ ἀπέχθειαν ἀφαιρήσειν ἢ προσθήσειν τοῖς γεγονόσιν.
As for the facts themselves, they must not be gathered at random, but industriously and laboriously, after inquiring many times about the same things, and preferably being present and eyewitnessing them, but if not, by paying attention to those who relate them more unbribed, and whom one would suppose least likely to subtract from or add to what has happened out of favor or hatred.
κἀνταῦθα ἤδη καὶ στοχαστικός τις καὶ συνθετικὸς τοῦ πιθανωτέρου ἔστω.
And here already let him be both conjectural and synthetic of the more credible.
§48καὶ ἐπειδὰν ἀθροίσῃ ἅπαντα ἢ τὰ πλεῖστα, πρῶτα μὲν ὑπόμνημά τι συνυφαινέτω αὐτῶν καὶ σῶμα ποιείτω ἀκαλλὲς ἔτι καὶ ἀδιάρθρωτον· εἶτα ἐπιθεὶς τὴν τάξιν ἐπαγέτω τὸ κάλλος καὶ χρωννύτω τῇ λέξει καὶ σχηματιζέτω καὶ ῥυθμιζέτω.
And when he has gathered all or most of them, let him first weave together a certain memorandum of them and make a body as yet without beauty and unarticulated; then, having imposed order upon it, let him bring beauty to it and color it with style, and give it shape and rhythm.
§49Καὶ ὅλως ἐοικέτω τότε τῷ τοῦ Ὁμήρου Διὶ ἄρτι μὲν τὴν τῶν ἱπποπόλων Θρῃκῶν γῆν ὁρῶντι, ἄρτι δὲ τὴν Μυσῶν—κατὰ ταὐτὰ γὰρ καὶ αὐτὸς ἄρτι μὲν τὰ Ῥωμαίων ἴδιᾳ ὁράτω καὶ δηλούτω ἡμῖν οἷα ἐφαίνετο αὐτῷ ἀφ' ὑψηλοῦ ὁρῶντι, ἄρτι δὲ τὰ Περσῶν, εἶτ' ἀμφότερα εἰ μάχοιντο.
And in general, let him then resemble Homer's Zeus, now looking at the land of the horse-tending Thracians, now at that of the Mysians—for in the same way, let him also now look at the affairs of the Romans privately and show us how they appeared to him looking from on high, and now at those of the Persians, and then at both if they should fight.
καὶ ἐν αὐτῇ δὲ τῇ παρατάξει μὴ πρὸς ἓν μέρος ὁράτω μηδὲ ἐς ἕνα ἱππέα ἢ πεζόν—εἰ μὴ Βρασίδας τις εἴη προπηδῶν ἤ Δημοσθένης ἀνακόπτων τὴν ἐπίβασιν· ἀλλὰ ἐς τοὺς στρατηγοὺς μὲν τὰ πρῶτα, καὶ εἴ τι παρεκελεύσαντο, κἀκεῖνο ἀκηκούσθω, καὶ ὅπως καὶ ᾗτινι γνώμῃ καὶ ἐπινοίᾳ ἔταξαν.
And in the battle itself, let him not look at one part only, nor at a single horseman or foot-soldier—unless it be some Brasidas leaping forward or Demosthenes repelling the landing; but at the generals first of all, and if they exhorted the men at all, let that too be heard, and how and with what purpose and design they drew up the line.
ἐπειδὰν δὲ ἀναμιχθῶσι, κοινὴ ἔστω ἡ θέα, καὶ ζυγοστατείτω τότε ὥσπερ ἐν τρυτάνῃ τὰ γιγνόμενα καὶ συνδιωκέτω καὶ συμφευγέτω.
And when they are mixed together, let the view be general, and let him then weigh the events as if in a balance, and pursue with them and flee with them.
καὶ πᾶσι τούτοις μέτρον ἐπέστω, μὴ ἐς κόρον μηδὲ ἀπειροκάλως μηδὲ νεαρῶς, ἀλλὰ ῥᾳδίως ἀπολυέσθω· καὶ στήσας ἐνταῦθά που ταῦτα ἐπ' ἐκεῖνα μεταβαινέτω, ἢν κατεπείγῃ· εἶτα ἐπανίτω λυθείς, ὁπόταν ἐκεῖνα καλῇ·
And let there be a limit to all this, not to the point of satiety, nor tastelessly, nor like a youth, but let him easily disengage himself; and having stopped these things somewhere here, let him pass over to those, if they press; then let him return, having been set free, whenever those call him.
καὶ πρὸς πάντα σπευδέτω καὶ ὡς δυνατὸν ὁμοχρονείτω καὶ μεταπετέσθω ἀπ' Ἀρμενίας μὲν εἰς Μηδίαν, ἐκεῖθεν δὲ ῥοιζήματι ἑνὶ εἰς Ἰβηρίαν, εἶτα εἰς Ἰταλίαν, ὡς μηδενὸς καιροῦ ἀπολείποιτο.
And let him hasten toward everything, and as far as possible keep pace with time, and let him fly from Armenia to Media, and from there with a single rush to Iberia, then to Italy, so that he may not be left behind by any critical moment.