§22Σόλων
ῥυθμίζομεν οὖν τὰς γνώμας αὐτῶν νόμους τε τοὺς κοινοὺς ἐκδιδάσκοντες, οἳ δημοσίᾳ πᾶσι πρόκεινται ἀναγιγνώσκειν μεγάλοις γράμμασιν ἀναγεγραμμένοι, κελεύοντες ἅ τε χρὴ ποιεῖν καὶ ὧν ἀπέχεσθαι, καὶ ἀγαθῶν ἀνδρῶν συνουσίαις, παρʼ ὧν λέγειν τὰ δέοντα ἐκμανθάνουσι καὶ πράττειν τὰ δίκαια καὶ ἐκ τοῦ ἴσου ἀλλήλοις συμπολιτεύεσθαι καὶ μὴ ἐφίεσθαι τῶν αἰσχρῶν καὶ ὀρέγεσθαι τῶν καλῶν, βίαιον δὲ μηδὲν ποιεῖν.
Solon "Therefore, we shape their minds by thoroughly teaching them the common laws, which are posted publicly for everyone to read, written in large letters, commanding what one must do and what to abstain from, and by association with good men, from whom they learn to speak what is necessary, to do what is just, to live together as citizens on equal terms, not to desire shameful things, to yearn for beautiful things, and to do nothing violent.
οἱ δὲ ἄνδρες οὗτοι σοφισταὶ καὶ φιλόσοφοι πρὸς ἡμῶν ὀνομάζονται.
These men are called sophists and philosophers by us.
καὶ μέντοι καὶ εἰς τὸ θέατρον συνάγοντες αὐτοὺς δημοσίᾳ παιδεύομεν ὑπὸ κωμῳδίαις καὶ τραγῳδίαις ἀρετάς τε ἀνδρῶν παλαιῶν καὶ κακίας θεωμένους, ὡς τῶν μὲν ἀποτρέποιντο, ἐπʼ ἐκεῖνα δὲ σπεύδοιεν.
Furthermore, bringing them together into the theater, we educate them publicly through comedies and tragedies, as they behold the virtues and vices of ancient men, so that they might turn away from the latter and hasten toward the former.
τοῖς δέ γε κωμῳδοῖς καὶ λοιδορεῖσθαι καὶ ἀποσκώπτειν ἐφίεμεν εἰς τοὺς πολίτας οὓς ἂν αἰσχρὰ καὶ ἀνάξια τῆς πόλεως ἐπιτηδεύοντας αἴσθωνται, αὐτῶν τε ἐκείνων χάριν, ἀμείνους γὰρ οὕτω γίγνονται ὀνειδιζόμενοι, καὶ τῶν πολλῶν, ὡς φεύγοιεν τὸν ἐπὶ τοῖς ὁμοίοις ἔλεγχον. §23Ἀνάχαρσις
εἶδον, ὦ Σόλων, οὓς φὴς τοὺς τραγῳδοὺς καὶ κωμῳδούς, εἴ γε ἐκεῖνοί εἰσιν, ὑποδήματα μὲν βαρέα καὶ ὑψηλὰ ὑποδεδεμένοι, χρυσαῖς δὲ ταινίαις τὴν ἐσθῆτα πεποικιλμένοι, κράνη δὲ ἐπικείμενοι παγγέλοια κεχηνότα παμμέγεθες·
On the other hand, we permit the comic poets to abuse and mock those citizens whom they perceive to be practicing shameful things unworthy of the city, both for the sake of those men themselves—for they become better when reproached—and for the sake of the multitude, so that they might flee the exposure of similar actions." Anacharsis "I saw, Solon, those whom you call tragedy and comedy actors, if indeed those are the ones, wearing heavy and high shoes, their clothing decorated with golden bands, and wearing extremely ridiculous helmets gaping open immensely.
αὐτοὶ δὲ ἔνδοθεν μεγάλα τε ἐκεκράγεσαν καὶ διέβαινον οὐκ οἶδʼ ὅπως ἀσφαλῶς ἐν τοῖς ὑποδήμασιν.
They themselves shouted loudly from within and strode I know not how safely in those shoes.
Διονύσῳ δὲ οἶμαι τότε ἡ πόλις ἑώρταζεν.
I suppose the city was then celebrating the festival of Dionysus.
οἱ δὲ κωμῳδοὶ βραχύτεροι μὲν ἐκείνων καὶ πεζοὶ καὶ ἀνθρωπινώτεροι καὶ ἧττον ἐβόων, κράνη δὲ πολὺ γελοιότερα.
The comic actors, on the other hand, were shorter than those, on foot, more human-like, and shouted less, but wore much more ridiculous helmets.
καὶ τὸ θέατρον γοῦν ἅπαν ἐγέλα ἐπʼ αὐτοῖς· ἐκείνων δὲ τῶν ὑψηλῶν σκυθρωποὶ ἅπαντες ἤκουον, οἰκτείροντες, οἶμαι, αὐτοὺς πέδας τηλικαύτας ἐπισυρομένους. Σόλων
οὐκ ἐκείνους, ὦγαθέ, ᾤκτειρον, ἀλλὰ ποιητὴς ἴσως ἀρχαίαν τινὰ συμφορὰν ἐπεδείκνυτο τοῖς θεαταῖς καὶ ῥήσεις οἰκτρὰς ἐτραγῴδει πρὸς τὸ θέατρον ὑφʼ ὧν εἰς δάκρυα κατεσπῶντο οἱ ἀκούοντες.
At any rate, the whole theater laughed at them; but everyone listened to those high ones with gloomy faces, pitying them, I think, as they dragged along such heavy fetters." Solon "It was not those men, my good friend, they pitied, but perhaps a poet was displaying some ancient misfortune to the spectators and declaiming pitiful speeches to the theater, by which the listeners were drawn to tears.
εἰκὸς δέ σε καὶ αὐλοῦντας ἑωρακέναι τινὰς τότε καὶ ἄλλους συνᾴδοντας ἐν κύκλῳ συνεστῶτας.
And it is likely that you also saw some playing the flute then, and others singing along, standing together in a circle.
οὐδʼ αὐτά, ὦ Ἀνάχαρσι, ἀχρεῖα ᾄσματα καὶ αὐλήματα.
Not even these, Anacharsis, are useless songs and flute-tunes.
τούτοις δʼ οὖν ἅπασι καὶ τοῖς τοιούτοις παραθηγόμενοι τὰς ψυχὰς ἀμείνους ἡμῖν γίγνονται. §24Σόλων
τὰ δὲ δὴ σώματα, ὅπερ μάλιστα ἐπόθεις ἀκοῦσαι, ὧδε καταγυμνάζομεν.
At all events, having their souls sharpened by all these and such things, they become better for us." Solon "As for the bodies, which you most desired to hear about, we exercise them in this way.
ἀποδύσαντες αὐτά, ὡς ἔφην, οὐκέτι ἁπαλὰ καὶ τέλεον ἀσυμπαγῆ ὄντα, πρῶτον μὲν ἐθίζειν ἀξιοῦμεν πρὸς τὸν ἀέρα, συνοικειοῦντες αὐτὰ ταῖς ὥραις ἑκάσταις, ὡς μήτε θάλπος δυσχεραίνειν μήτε πρὸς κρύος ἀπαγορεύειν, ἔπειτα δὲ χρίομεν ἐλαίῳ καὶ καταμαλάττομεν, ὡς εὐτονώτερα γίγνοιτο·
Having stripped them, as I said, when they are no longer soft and completely unformed, first of all we think it right to accustom them to the air, adapting them to each of the seasons, so that they neither dislike heat nor give up in the cold; and then we anoint them with oil and soften them, so that they might become stronger.
ἄτοπον γάρ, εἰ τὰ μὲν σκύτη νομίζομεν ὑπὸ τῷ ἐλαίῳ μαλαττόμενα δυσραγέστερα καὶ πολλῷ διαρκέστερα γίγνεσθαι νεκρά γε ἤδη ὄντα, τὸ δʼ ἔτι ζωῆς μετέχον σῶμα μὴ ἂν ἄμεινον ἡγοίμεθα ὑπὸ τοῦ ἐλαίου διατεθήσεσθαι.
For it would be strange if we believe that skins, when softened by oil, become harder to break and much more durable, even though they are already dead, but we should not think that a body still sharing in life would be put into a better condition by oil.
τοὐντεῦθεν ποικίλα τὰ γυμνάσια ἐπινοήσαντες καὶ διδασκάλους ἑκάστων ἐπιστήσαντες τὸν μέν τινα πυκτεύειν, τὸν δὲ παγκρατιάζειν διδάσκομεν, ὡς τούς τε πόνους καρτερεῖν ἐθίζοιντο καὶ ὁμόσε χωρεῖν ταῖς πληγαῖς μηδὲ ἀποτρέποιντο δέει τῶν τραυμάτων.
Thereupon, having devised various exercises and set teachers over each, we teach one to box and another to practice the pancratium, so that they might be accustomed to endure labors and to go hand-to-hand with blows, nor turn away through fear of wounds.
τοῦτο δὲ ἡμῖν δύο τὰ ὠφελιμώτατα ἐξεργάζεται ἐν αὐτοῖς, θυμοειδεῖς τε παρασκευάζον εἰς τοὺς κινδύνους καὶ τῶν σωμάτων ἀφειδεῖν καὶ προσέτι ἐρρῶσθαι καὶ καρτεροὺς εἶναι.
And this works two of the most useful things in them, making them spirited for dangers and unsparing of their bodies, and furthermore to be strong and robust.
ὅσοι δὲ αὐτῶν κάτω συννενευκότες παλαίουσιν, καταπίπτειν τε ἀσφαλῶς μανθάνουσι καὶ ἀνίστασθαι εὐμαρῶς καὶ ὠθισμοὺς καὶ περιπλοκὰς καὶ λυγισμοὺς καὶ ἄγχεσθαι δύνασθαι καὶ εἰς ὕψος ἀναβαστάσαι τὸν ἀντίπαλον, οὐκ ἀχρεῖα οὐδὲ οὗτοι ἐκμελετῶντες, ἀλλὰ ἓν μὲν τὸ πρῶτον καὶ μέγιστον ἀναμφιβόλως κτώμενοι· δυσπαθέστερα γὰρ καὶ καρτερώτερα τὰ σώματα γίγνονται αὐτοῖς διαπονούμενα.
And as many of them as wrestle bending down, learn to fall safely and to rise easily, and to be able to push, embrace, twist, and be choked, and to lift the opponent aloft, these men too practicing things not useless, but gaining undoubtedly one first and greatest thing: for their bodies, being thoroughly exercised, become harder to hurt and more robust.
ἕτερον δὲ οὐδὲ αὐτὸ μικρόν· ἔμπειροι γὰρ δὴ ἐκ τούτου καθίστανται, εἴ ποτε ἀφίκοιντο εἰς χρείαν τῶν μαθημάτων τούτων ἐν ὅπλοις· δῆλον γὰρ ὅτι καὶ πολεμίῳ ἀνδρὶ ὁ τοιοῦτος συμπλακεὶς καταρρίψει τε θᾶττον ὑποσκελίσας καὶ καταπεσὼν εἴσεται ὡς ῥᾷστα ἐξανίστασθαι.
And another thing, not small in itself: for from this they are rendered experienced, if ever they should come to a need of these lessons in arms; for it is clear that such a man, having locked with an enemy, will throw him down more quickly by tripping him, and having fallen, will know how to rise most easily.
πάντα γὰρ ταῦτα, ὦ Ἀνάχαρσι, ἐπʼ ἐκεῖνον τὸν ἀγῶνα ποριζόμεθα τὸν ἐν τοῖς ὅπλοις καὶ ἡγούμεθα πολὺ ἀμείνοσι χρήσασθαι τοῖς οὕτως ἀσκηθεῖσιν, ἐπειδὰν πρότερον αὐτῶν γυμνὰ τὰ σώματα καταμαλάξαντες καὶ διαπονήσαντες ἐρρωμενέστερα καὶ ἀλκιμώτερα ἐξεργασώμεθα καὶ κοῦφα καὶ εὔτονα καὶ τὰ αὐτὰ βαρέα τοῖς ἀνταγωνισταῖς.
For all these things, Anacharsis, we provide for that contest in arms, and we think we shall employ much better those thus trained, when beforehand we have softened their naked bodies and, by exercising them, made them stronger and more courageous, and light and vigorous, and at the same time heavy to their adversaries."