§20Σόλων
οὐκοῦν διὰ βραχέων προακοῦσαι χρή σε ἃ περὶ πόλεως καὶ πολιτῶν ἡμῖν δοκεῖ.
Solon "First, then, you must hear briefly what we think about the city and citizens.
πόλιν γὰρ ἡμεῖς οὐ τὰ οἰκοδομήματα ἡγούμεθα εἶναι, οἷον τείχη καὶ ἱερὰ καὶ νεωσοίκους, ἀλλὰ ταῦτα μὲν ὥσπερ σῶμά τι ἑδραῖον καὶ ἀκίνητον ὑπάρχειν εἰς ὑποδοχὴν καὶ ἀσφάλειαν τῶν πολιτευομένων, τὸ δὲ πᾶν κῦρος ἐν τοῖς πολίταις τιθέμεθα·
For we do not consider the city to be the buildings, such as walls, temples, and ship-sheds; but that these exist like a stable and motionless body to receive and secure those who conduct public affairs, while we place all authority in the citizens.
τούτους γὰρ εἶναι τοὺς ἀναπληροῦντας καὶ διατάττοντας καὶ ἐπιτελοῦντας ἕκαστα καὶ φυλάττοντας, οἷόν τι ἐν ἡμῖν ἑκάστῳ ἐστὶν ἡ ψυχή.
For these are the ones who fill, arrange, perform everything, and guard, just as the soul is in each of us.
τοῦτο δὴ τοίνυν κατανοήσαντες ἐπιμελούμεθα μέν, ὡς ὁρᾷς, καὶ τοῦ σώματος τῆς πόλεως, κατακοσμοῦντες αὐτὸ ὡς κάλλιστον ἡμῖν εἴη, ἔνδοθέν τε οἰκοδομήμασιν κατεσκευασμένον καὶ ταῖς ἔκτοσθεν ταύταις περιβολαῖς εἰς τὸ ἀσφαλέστατον πεφραγμένον.
Recognizing this, therefore, we care, as you see, also for the body of the city, decorating it so that it may be as beautiful as possible for us, furnished with buildings inside and fortified most securely with these outer walls.
μάλιστα δὲ καὶ ἐξ ἅπαντος τοῦτο προνοοῦμεν, ὅπως οἱ πολῖται ἀγαθοὶ μὲν τὰς ψυχάς, ἰσχυροὶ δὲ τὰ σώματα γίγνοιντο· τοὺς γὰρ τοιούτους σφίσι τε αὐτοῖς καλῶς χρήσεσθαι ἐν εἰρήνῃ συμπολιτευομένους καὶ ἐκ πολέμου σώσειν τὴν πόλιν καὶ ἐλευθέραν καὶ εὐδαίμονα διαφυλάξειν.
But most of all and above all, we provide for this, that the citizens might become good in their souls and strong in their bodies; for such men will treat themselves well as they live together in peace, and will save the city from war, and preserve it free and happy.
τὴν μὲν δὴ πρώτην ἀνατροφὴν αὐτῶν μητράσι καὶ τίτθαις καὶ παιδαγωγοῖς ἐπιτρέπομεν ὑπὸ παιδείαις ἐλευθερίοις ἄγειν τε καὶ τρέφειν αὐτούς, ἐπειδὰν δὲ συνετοὶ ἤδη γίγνωνται τῶν καλῶς ἐχόντων, καὶ αἰδὼς καὶ ἐρύθημα καὶ φόβος καὶ ἐπιθυμία τῶν ἀρίστων ἀναφύηται αὐτοῖς, καὶ αὐτὰ ἤδη τὰ σώματα ἀξιόχρεα δοκῇ πρὸς τοὺς πόνους παγιώτερα γιγνόμενα καὶ πρὸς τὸ ἰσχυρότερον συνιστάμενα, τηνικαῦτα ἤδη παραλαβόντες αὐτοὺς διδάσκομεν, ἄλλα μὲν τῆς ψυχῆς μαθήματα καὶ γυμνάσια προτιθέντες, ἄλλως δὲ πρὸς τοὺς πόνους καὶ τὰ σώματα ἐθίζοντες.
Indeed, we entrust their first upbringing to mothers, nurses, and tutors, to lead and nurture them under liberal education. But when they are already sensible of what is honorable, and respect, blushing, fear, and desire for the best things spring up in them, and their bodies themselves already seem sufficient for labors, becoming firmer and combining toward greater strength, then we receive them and instruct them, setting before them other lessons and exercises for the soul on one hand, and on the other hand training them in other ways for labors and their bodies.
οὐ γὰρ ἱκανὸν ἡμῖν ἔδοξε τὸ μόνον φῦναι ὡς ἔφυ ἕκαστος ἤτοι κατὰ τὸ σῶμα ἢ κατὰ τὴν ψυχήν, ἀλλὰ καὶ παιδεύσεως καὶ μαθημάτων ἐπʼ αὐτοὺς δεόμεθα, ὑφʼ ὧν τά τε εὐφυῶς διακείμενα βελτίω παρὰ πολὺ γίγνοιτο ἂν καὶ τὰ φαύλως ἔχοντα μετακοσμοῖτο πρὸς τὸ βέλτιον.
For it did not seem sufficient to us merely to grow as each was born, either in body or in soul, but we also require education and lessons for them, by which those things that are well-disposed by nature would become much better, and those that are poorly off would be rearranged for the better.
καὶ τὸ παράδειγμα ἡμῖν παρὰ τῶν γεωργῶν, οἳ τὰ φυτὰ μέχρι μὲν πρόσγεια καὶ νήπιά ἐστι, σκέπουσιν καὶ περιφράττουσιν ὡς μὴ βλάπτοιντο ὑπὸ τῶν πνευμάτων, ἐπειδὰν δὲ ἤδη παχύνηται τὸ ἔρνος, τηνικαῦτα περιτέμνουσίν τε τὰ περιττὰ καὶ παραδιδόντες αὐτὰ τοῖς ἀνέμοις δονεῖν καὶ διασαλεύειν καρπιμώτερα ἐξεργάζονται. §21Σόλων
τὴν μὲν τοίνυν ψυχὴν μουσικῇ τὸ πρῶτον καὶ ἀριθμητικῇ ἀναρριπίζομεν, καὶ γράμματα γράψασθαι καὶ τορῶς αὐτὰ ἐπιλέξασθαι διδάσκομεν·
And we have an example from the farmers, who protect and fence in plants as long as they are close to the ground and young, so that they may not be injured by the winds; but when the shoot already thickens, then they prune away what is superfluous, and, delivering them to the winds to shake and toss, make them more fruitful." Solon "First, then, we fan the soul with music and arithmetic, and teach them to write letters and to read them clearly.
προϊοῦσιν δὲ ἤδη σοφῶν ἀνδρῶν γνώμας καὶ ἔργα παλαιὰ καὶ λόγους ὠφελίμους ἐν μέτροις κατακοσμήσαντες, ὡς μᾶλλον μνημονεύοιεν, ῥαψῳδοῦμεν αὐτοῖς.
And as they advance, having arranged in meters the thoughts of wise men and ancient deeds and useful discourses, so that they might remember them better, we recite them to them.
οἱ δὲ καὶ ἀκούοντες ἀριστείας τινὰς καὶ πράξεις ἀοιδίμους ὀρέγονται κατὰ μικρὸν καὶ πρὸς μίμησιν ἐπεγείρονται, ὡς καὶ αὐτοὶ ᾄδοιντο καὶ θαυμάζοιντο ὑπὸ τῶν ὕστερον.
And they, hearing of certain exploits and famous deeds, gradually yearn and are aroused to imitation, so that they too might be sung of and admired by posterity.
οἷα πολλὰ Ἡσίοδός τε ἡμῖν καὶ Ὅμηρος ἐποίησαν.
Many such things Hesiod and Homer have composed for us.
ἐπειδὰν δὲ πλησιάζωσι πρὸς τὴν πολιτείαν καὶ δέῃ αὐτοὺς ἤδη μεταχειρίζεσθαι τὰ κοινά — καίτοι ἔξω τοῦ ἀγῶνος ἴσως ταῦτα· οὐ γὰρ ὅπως τὰς ψυχὰς αὐτῶν ἀσκοῦμεν ἐξ ἀρχῆς προὔκειτο εἰπεῖν, ἀλλὰ διʼ ὅ τι τοῖς τοιούτοις πόνοις καταγυμνάζειν αὐτοὺς ἀξιοῦμεν.
But when they approach public life and it is already necessary for them to handle public affairs—and yet perhaps these things are outside the contest; for it was not proposed from the beginning to say how we train their souls, but for what reason we think it right to exercise them in such labors.
ὥστε αὐτὸς ἐμαυτῷ σιωπᾶν προστάττω, οὐ περιμείνας τὸν κήρυκα οὐδὲ τὸν Ἀρεοπαγίτην σέ, ὃς ὑπʼ αἰδοῦς, οἶμαι, ἀνέχῃ ληροῦντα ἤδη τοσαῦτα ἔξω τοῦ πράγματος. Ἀνάχαρσις
εἰπέ μοι, ὦ Σόλων, πρὸς δὲ δὴ τοὺς τὰ ἀναγκαιότατα μὴ λέγοντας ἐν Ἀρείῳ πάγῳ, ἀλλὰ ἀποσιωπῶντας, οὐδὲν τῇ βουλῇ πρόστιμον ἐπινενόηται;
Therefore, I command myself to be silent, not waiting for the herald nor you, the Areopagite, who out of respect, I think, tolerate me already talking so much nonsense outside the subject." Anacharsis "Tell me, Solon, for those who do not say the most necessary things on the Areopagus, but remain silent, has no fine been devised by the council?" Solon "Why did you ask me this?
Σόλων
τί τοῦτο ἤρου με; οὐδέπω γὰρ δῆλον. Ἀνάχαρσις
ὅτι τὰ κάλλιστα καὶ ἐμοὶ ἀκοῦσαι ἥδιστα παρείς, τὰ περὶ τῆς ψυχῆς, τὰ ἧττον ἀναγκαῖα λέγειν διανοῇ, γυμνάσια καὶ διαπονήσεις τῶν σωμάτων.
For it is not yet clear." Anacharsis "Because, having passed over the most beautiful things and those most pleasant for me to hear, namely the things concerning the soul, you intend to speak of the less necessary things, the exercises and hard labors of the bodies." Solon "For I remember, my noble friend, our announcements from the beginning, and I do not want to let the discourse wander off, lest flowing in it disturb your memory.
Σόλων
μέμνημαι γάρ, ὦ γενναῖε, τῶν ἀπʼ ἀρχῆς προρρήσεων καὶ ἀποπλανᾶν οὐ βούλομαι τὸν λόγον, μή σου ἐπιταράξῃ τὴν μνήμην ἐπιρρέων. πλὴν ἀλλὰ καὶ ταῦτα ἐρῶ διὰ βραχέων, ὡς οἷόν τε· τὸ γὰρ ἀκριβὲς τῆς περὶ αὐτῶν διασκέψεως ἑτέρου ἂν εἴη λόγου.
Nevertheless, I will speak of these things too as briefly as possible; for the exact consideration of them would belong to another discourse."