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Diodorus Siculus · Bibliotheca Historica §20.11.1-20.11.5

Agathocles' Battle Array and the Morale Boost from Owls

Passage 199 of 301 · Greek

Summary

Agathocles drew up his forces against the Carthaginians, distributed makeshift disguise shields to unarmed men, and released owls—sacred to Athena—to greatly boost the morale of his soldiers.

§20.11.1ὁ δʼ Ἀγαθοκλῆς κατασκεψάμενος τὰς τῶν βαρβάρων τάξεις τὸ μὲν δεξιὸν κέρας ἔδωκεν Ἀρχαγάθῳ τῷ υἱῷ, παραδοὺς αὐτῷ πεζοὺς δισχιλίους καὶ πεντακοσίους, ἑξῆς δʼ ἔταξε τοὺς Συρακοσίους, ὄντας τρισχιλίους πεντακοσίους, εἶτα μισθοφόρους Ἕλληνας τρισχιλίους, τελευταίους δὲ Σαμνίτας καὶ Τυρρηνοὺς καὶ Κελτοὺς τρισχιλίους.
On the other hand, Agathocles, having reconnoitered the positions of the barbarians, gave the right wing to his son Archagathus, handing over to him two thousand five hundred infantry; next to him he stationed the Syracusans, being three thousand five hundred; then three thousand Greek mercenaries; and last, three thousand Samnites, Tyrrhenians, and Celts.
μετὰ δὲ τῆς θεραπείας αὐτὸς τοῦ ἡμίσους κέρατος προηγωνίζετο, χιλίοις ὁπλίταις πρὸς τὸν ἱερὸν λόχον τῶν Καρχηδονίων ἀντιτεταγμένος· τοὺς δὲ τοξότας καὶ σφενδονήτας πεντακοσίους ὄντας ἐπὶ τὰ κέρατα διεῖλεν.
With his bodyguard, he himself fought at the head of the other wing, being drawn up with a thousand hoplites against the Sacred Band of the Carthaginians; and he divided the archers and slingers, who were five hundred, between the two wings.
§20.11.2ὅπλα μὲν οὖν οἱ στρατιῶται μόγις εἶχον ἱκανά· τοὺς δʼ ἐκ τῶν ἀφράκτων ὁρῶν ἀνόπλους ὄντας τὰ τῶν ἀσπίδων ἔλυτρα ῥάβδοις διέτεινε καὶ τῇ φαντασίᾳ τὸν τῆς ἀσπίδος κύκλον μιμησάμενος ἀνέδωκεν αὐτοῖς πρὸς μὲν τὴν χρείαν οὐδαμῶς ἐπιτήδεια, πρὸς δὲ τὴν πόρρωθεν ὁρωμένην ὄψιν δυνάμενα δόξαν ὅπλων ἐμποιῆσαι τοῖς ἀγνοοῦσι τἀληθές.
Now the soldiers barely had sufficient weapons; but seeing that those from the undecked vessels were unarmed, he stretched the covers of the shields with rods, and, mimicking the circle of a shield in appearance, distributed them to them. These were of no use indeed for practical need, but were able, to the sight seen from a distance, to produce an impression of weapons in those who did not know the truth.
§20.11.3ὁρῶν δὲ τοὺς στρατιώτας καταπεπληγμένους τὸ πλῇθος τῆς βαρβαρικῆς ἵππου καὶ δυνάμεως ἀφῆκεν εἰς τὸ στρατόπεδον κατὰ πλείονας τόπους γλαῦκας, ἃς ἐκ χρόνου παρεσκεύαστο πρὸς τὰς ἀθυμίας τῶν πολλῶν·
And seeing that the soldiers were terrified by the multitude of the barbarian cavalry and force, he released owls in several places throughout the camp, which he had prepared beforehand against the despondency of the multitude.
§20.11.4αὗται δὲ διὰ τῆς φάλαγγος πετόμεναι καὶ προσκαθίζουσαι ταῖς ἀσπίσι καὶ τοῖς κράνεσιν εὐθαρσεῖς ἐποίουν τοὺς στρατιώτας, ἑκάστων οἰωνιζομένων διὰ τὸ δοκεῖν ἱερὸν εἶναι τὸ ζῷον τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς.
These flying through the phalanx and settling upon the shields and helmets made the soldiers courageous, since everyone took it as an omen because the animal was believed to be sacred to Athena.
§20.11.5ταῦτα δέ, καίπερ ἄν τισι δόξαντα κενὴν ἔχειν ἐπίνοιαν, πολλάκις αἴτια γίνεται μεγάλων προτερημάτων.
These things, although they might seem to some to be an empty device, often become the cause of great successes.
ὃ καὶ τότε συνέβη γενέσθαι· ἐμπεσόντος γὰρ εἰς τὰ πλήθη θάρσους καὶ διαδοθέντων λόγων ὡς τὸ θεῖον αὐτοῖς φανερῶς προσημαίνει νίκην, παραστατικώτερον τὸν κίνδυνον ὑπέμειναν.
Which indeed happened to take place at that time; for courage having fallen upon the multitude and reports having been spread that the deity was clearly signally victory to them, they faced the danger with greater resolution.

Notes

  1. 20.11.1τοῦ ἡμίσους κέρατος — The adjective `ἡμίσους` (half) here refers to one of the two divisions (wings) of the army, meaning 'the other wing (the left wing)'. The genitive case is governed by the verb `προηγωνίζετο` (to fight in front of, lead).
  2. 20.11.2τοὺς ἐκ τῶν ἀφράκτων — `τῶν ἀφράκτων` is the neuter plural genitive of the adjective `ἄφρακτος` (undecked), with the noun `νεῶν` (ships) being omitted. The entire phrase refers to the sailors or non-combatants gathered from the undecked vessels.
  3. 20.11.5ὃ καὶ τότε συνέβη γενέσθαι — The relative pronoun `ὅ` takes the main idea of the preceding sentence (that trivial devices often cause great success) as its antecedent. It functions as the subject of the impersonal verb `συνέβη` with the infinitive `γενέσθαι`, forming an emphatic construction meaning 'which very thing indeed happened to take place at that time.'

Cite this passage

Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica §20.11.1-20.11.5. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0060.tlg001.humanitext-grc6:20.11.1-20.11.5

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